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| 融点 | 125-128 °C (lit.) | | 沸点 | 298.6 °C | | 比重(密度) | 1,46g/cm | | 蒸気圧 | 0.000005 hPa (20 °C) | | 屈折率 | 1.4447 (estimate) | | FEMA | 2710 | METHYL P-HYDROXYBENZOATE | | 闪点 | 280°C | | 貯蔵温度 | room temp | | 溶解性 | ethanol: soluble0.1M, clear, colorless | | 酸解離定数(Pka) | pKa 8.15(H2O,t =20.0) (Uncertain) | | 外見 | Crystalline Powder | | 色 | White to almost white | | PH | 5.8 (H2O, 20°C) (saturated solution) | | 臭い (Odor) | odorless or faint char. odor, sl. burning taste | | 水溶解度 | Slightly soluble in water. | | 凝固点 | 131℃ | | Merck | 14,6107 | | BRN | 509801 | | 安定性： | Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, strong bases. | | InChIKey | LXCFILQKKLGQFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N | | LogP | 1.98 at 20℃ | | CAS データベース | 99-76-3(CAS DataBase Reference) | | NISTの化学物質情報 | Benzoic acid, 4-hydroxy-, methyl ester(99-76-3) | | EPAの化学物質情報 | Methylparaben (99-76-3) |
| | 4-ヒドロキシ安息香酸メチル Usage And Synthesis |
| 外観 | 無色の結晶又は白色の結晶性の粉末 | | 定義 | 本品は、パラヒドロキシ安息香酸のメチルエステルであり、次の化学式で表される。 | | 溶解性 | エタノール(95)及びアセトンに溶けやすく、熱水にやや溶けやすく、水に溶けにくい。 | | 解説 | 食品・医薬品・化粧品の防腐剤として使用される有機化合物の総称。メチルパラベン・プロピルパラベンなど。正式名称は、パラオキシ安息香酸エステル。
小学館 デジタル大辞泉について 情報 | 凡例 | | 用途 | 化粧品?医薬の防カビ剤 | | 用途 | 保存料、防腐剤。 | | 化粧品の成分用途 | 防腐剤、香料 | | 効能 | 抗真菌性防腐剤 | | 化学的特性 | Methylparaben occurs as colorless crystals or a white crystalline powder. It is odorless or almost odorless and has a slight burning taste. Soluble in alcohol,ether; slightly soluble in water, benzene, and carbontetrachloride. | | 天然物の起源 | Reported present in cloudberry, yellow passion fruit juice, white wine, botrytised wine and Bourbon vanilla. | | 使用 | Methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate is used as an anti-fungal agent. It is also used as a preservative in foods, beverages and cosmetics. It acts as an inhibitor of growth of molds and to lesser extent bacteria and as a vehicle for ophthalmic solution. | | 使用 | Methylparaben is an antimicrobial agent which is a white free-flowing
powder. it is active against yeast and molds over a wide ph range.
see parabens. | | 使用 | Methylparaben and propylparaben are the most common of these. parabens is one of the most commonly used group of preservatives in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food industries. Parabens provide bacteriostatic and fungistatic activity against a diverse number of organisms, and are considered safe for use in cosmetics, particularly in light of their low sensitizing potential. An evaluation of preservatives for use in leave-on cosmetic preparations lists parabens among the least sensitizing. The range of concentrations used in cosmetics varies between 0.03 and 0.30 percent, depending on the conditions for use and the product to which the paraben is added.
Methylparaben is one of the most popular preservatives in beauty products and food items. According to the National Library of Medicine, the ingredient occurs naturally in a handful of fruits—like blueberries—though it can also be created synthetically.It's found in everything from cream cleansers and moisturizers to primers and foundations and helps these products maintain their effectiveness. Rabach says that it's chock-full of anti-fungal and antibacterial properties, which work wonders to extend the shelf life of skincare, haircare, and cosmetic products. | | 定義 | ChEBI: Methylparaben is a 4-hydroxybenzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with methanol. It is the most frequently used antimicrobial preservative in cosmetics. It occurs naturally in several fruits, particularly in blueberries. It has a role as a plant metabolite, an antimicrobial food preservative, a neuroprotective agent and an antifungal agent. | | 製造方法 | Methylparaben is produced through the methanol esterification of p-hydroxybenzoic acid in the presence of sulfuric acid. The materials are heated in a glass-lined reactor and distilled under reflux. The resulting acid is neutralized with caustic soda, then crystallized through cooling. The crystallized product is centrifuged, washed, dried under vacuum, milled and blended, all in corrosion-resistant equipment to avoid metallic contamination. | | Aroma threshold values | Detection: 2.6 ppm. | | 一般的な説明 | Methyl paraben is basically a methyl ester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. It is non-toxic, and non-carcinogenic in nature. It is a stable, non-volatile compound and finds application as an anti-microbial preservative in foods, drugs and cosmetics. It is readily absorbed through the skin and gastrointestinal tract. Upon hydrolyzation, it is hydrolyzed to p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and the conjugates formed get rapidly excreted in the urine. | | 危険性 | Toxic. Use in foods restricted to 0.1%. | | 応用例（製薬） | Methylparaben is widely used as an antimicrobial preservative in
cosmetics, food products, and pharmaceutical formulations; see
Table I. It may be used either alone or in combination with other methylparaben is the most frequently used antimicrobial preservative.
The parabens are effective over a wide pH range and have a
broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity, although they are most
effective against yeasts and molds. Antimicrobial activity increases
as the chain length of the alkyl moiety is increased, but aqueous
solubility decreases; therefore a mixture of parabens is frequently
used to provide effective preservation. Preservative efficacy is also
improved by the addition of propylene glycol (2–5%), or by using
parabens in combination with other antimicrobial agents such as
imidurea;
Owing to the poor solubility of the parabens, paraben salts
(particularly the sodium salt) are more frequently used in
formulations. However, this raises the pH of poorly buffered
formulations.
Methylparaben (0.18%) together with propylparaben (0.02%)
has been used for the preservation of various parenteral pharmaceutical
formulations; | | 接触アレルゲン | This substance is one of the parabens family. Parabens are esters formed by p-hydroxybenzoic acid
and an alcohol. They are largely used as biocides in
cosmetics and toiletries, medicaments, or food. They
have synergistic power with other biocides. Parabens
can induce allergic contact dermatitis, mainly in
chronic dermatitis and wounded skin. | | Biochem/physiol Actions | Methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, also called methyl paraben or nipagin, comprises the ester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. It is present naturally in cloudberry, white wine and bourbon vanilla. Methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate has antimicrobial and antifungal functionality and is commercially used as a preservative in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry. Methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate has cytotoxic effects on keratinocytes in the presence of sunlight. Methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate upon solar irradiation mediates DNA damage and modulates esterase metabolism resulting in skin damage and favors cancer progression. Methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate has estrogenic functionality and upregulates estrogen-related genes. | | 安全性 | Methylparaben and other parabens are widely used as antimicrobial
preservatives in cosmetics and oral and topical pharmaceutical
formulations. Although parabens have also been used as preservatives
in injections and ophthalmic preparations, they are now
generally regarded as being unsuitable for these types of formulations
owing to the irritant potential of the parabens. These
experiences may depend on immune responses to enzymatically
formed metabolites of the parabens in the skin.
Parabens are nonmutagenic, nonteratogenic, and noncarcinogenic.
Sensitization to the parabens is rare, and these compounds do
not exhibit significant levels of photocontact sensitization or
phototoxicity.
Hypersensitivity reactions to parabens, generally of the delayed
type and appearing as contact dermatitis, have been reported.
However, given the widespread use of parabens as preservatives,
such reactions are relatively uncommon; the classification of overstated.
Immediate hypersensitivity reactions following injection of
preparations containing parabens have also been reported.
Delayed-contact dermatitis occurs more frequently when parabens
are used topically, but has also been reported to occur after oral
administration.
Unexpectedly, preparations containing parabens may be used by
patients who have reacted previously with contact dermatitis
provided they are applied to another, unaffected, site. This has
been termed the paraben paradox.
Concern has been expressed over the use of methylparaben in
infant parenteral products because bilirubin binding may be
affected, which is potentially hazardous in hyperbilirubinemic
neonates.
The WHO has set an estimated total acceptable daily intake for
methyl-, ethyl-, and propylparabens at up to 10 mg/kg bodyweight.
LD50 (dog, oral): 3.0 g/kg
LD50 (mouse, IP): 0.96 g/kg
LD50 (mouse, SC): 1.20 g/kg | | 発がん性 | The carcinogenic potential of
methyl paraben has been studied in rodents. Several studies
are available, but none that expose animals via oral or dermal
routes. No evidence of a carcinogenic effect was observed
following intravenous or subcutaneous injection . | | 貯蔵 | Aqueous solutions of methylparaben at pH 3–6 may be sterilized by
autoclaving at 120°C for 20 minutes, without decomposition.
Aqueous solutions at pH 3–6 are stable (less than 10%
decomposition) for up to about 4 years at room temperature, while
aqueous solutions at pH 8 or above are subject to rapid hydrolysis
(10% or more after about 60 days storage at room temperature);
Methylparaben should be stored in a well-closed container in a
cool, dry place. | | 純化方法 | Fractionally crystallise the ester from its melt, and recrystallise it from *benzene, then from *benzene/MeOH and dry it over CaCl2 in a vacuum desiccator. [Beilstein 10 IV 360.] | | 不和合性 | The antimicrobial activity of methylparaben and other parabens is
considerably reduced in the presence of nonionic surfactants, such
as polysorbate 80, as a result of micellization.However,
propylene glycol (10%) has been shown to potentiate the
antimicrobial activity of the parabens in the presence of nonionic
surfactants and prevents the interaction between methylparaben
and polysorbate 80.
Incompatibilities with other substances, such as bentonite,
magnesium trisilicate,talc,tragacanth,sodium alginate,
essential oils,sorbitol,and atropine,have been reported. It
also reacts with various sugars and related sugar alcohols.
Absorption of methylparaben by plastics has also been reported;
the amount absorbed is dependent upon the type of plastic and the
vehicle. It has been claimed that low-density and high-density
polyethylene bottles do not absorb methylparaben.
Methylparaben is discolored in the presence of iron and is
subject to hydrolysis by weak alkalis and strong acids. | | 規制状況(Regulatory Status) | Methylparaben and propylparaben are affirmed GRAS Direct Food
Substances in the USA at levels up to 0.1%. All esters except the
benzyl ester are allowed for injection in Japan. In cosmetics, the EU
and Brazil allow use of each paraben at 0.4%, but the total of all
parabens may not exceed 0.8%. The upper limit in Japan is 1.0%.
Accepted for use as a food additive in Europe. Included in the
FDA Inactive Ingredients Database (IM, IV, and SC injections;
inhalation preparations; ophthalmic preparations; oral capsules,
tablets, solutions and suspensions; otic, rectal, topical, and vaginal
preparations). Included in medicines licensed in the UK. Included in
the Canadian List of Acceptable Non-medicinal Ingredients. | | 参考文献 | The Protective Effect of Rosmarinic Acid against Unfavorable Influence of Methylparaben and Propylparaben on Collagen in Human Skin Fibroblasts DOI:10.3390/nu12051282
https://www.byrdie.com/methylparaben-for-skin-4779820
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Methylparaben
Handa O, et al. (2006). Methylparaben potentiates UV-induced damage of skin keratinocytes. DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2006.07.018
Parabens in Cosmetics https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/productsingredients/ingredients/ucm128042.htm
Okamoto T, et al. (2008). Combined activation of methyl paraben by light irradiation and metabolism toward oxidative DNA damage. DOI:10.1021/tx800066u |
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