Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API), popularly speaking, are the raw materials of medicines, only pharmaceutical raw materials are processed into pharmaceutical preparations , can they become medicines available for clinical use, so drugs we usually eat are the finished drugs through processing. Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients based on its sources can be divided into two major categories ,including chemical synthetic drugs and natural chemical drugs. Chemical synthetic drugs can be divided into organic synthetic drugs and inorganic synthetic drugs. Inorganic synthetic drugs are inorganic compounds ( very few is element), such as aluminum hydroxide, magnesium trisilicate which are used for the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers ; organic synthetic drugs are mainly composed of drugs made by basic organic chemical raw materials, through a series of organic chemical reactions (such as aspirin, chloramphenicol, caffeine, etc.). Natural chemical drugs ,based on its sources,can be divided into two categories including biochemical drugs and plant chemical drugs. Antibiotics are generally made by the microbial fermentation, which belongs to the biochemistry category. A variety of semi-synthetic antibiotics occurs in recent years,which are biosynthesis and chemical synthesis combining products.Among active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, the organic synthetic drugs varieties, yields and values have the largest proportion,which are the main pillars of the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. The quality of active Pharmaceutical Ingredients decides whether the formulation is good or bad , so its quality standards are very strict ,countries in the world have developed national pharmacopoeia standards and strict quality control methods for its widely used active Pharmaceutical ingredients.
Side-effects of Ethambutol
Ethambutol was discovered at Lederle Laboratories in 1961, when randomly selected synthetic compounds were being tested for antituberculosis activity. Chemically, it is dextro-2, 2u-(ethylenediimino)-
Mar 25,2022 APIMechanism of action of Isoniazid
Isoniazid, isonicotinic acid hydrazide (INAH or INH), was discovered independently in 1952 at both Squibb and Roche Laboratories. Animal studies showed that isoniazid was a very potent antituberculosi
Mar 25,2022 APIUse and Safety of Grepafloxacin
Grepafloxacin (OPC-17116) is a broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone with the chemical structure (+)-1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-5- methyl-7-(3-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-4-oxo-3-quinolone carboxylic acid
Mar 25,2022 APIUses of Temafloxacin
Temafloxacin (6-fluoro-7-piperazino-4-quinolone)was discontinued in June 1992, only five months after gaining marketing approval. This was due to a high rate of reported adverse reactions, including s
Mar 25,2022 APIUses of Fleroxacin
Fleroxacin (Ro 23-6240, AM 833) is different from fluoroquinolones such as ciprofloxacin or ofloxacin, since it is a trifluorinated quinolone, having three fluorine atoms rather than one attached to t
Mar 25,2022 APISide effects of Tosufloxacin
Tosufloxacin was developed by Taisho-Toyama Chemistry (Ozexs) and became commercially available in 1990. It is a newer-generation oral fluoroquinolone with a broad spectrum of activity against Gramneg
Mar 25,2022 APIImipenem: Antimicrobial Activity, Susceptibility, Administration and Dosage, Toxicity, Clinical Uses etc.
In the 1970s, Beecham Research Laboratories identified a carbapenem group, called olivanic acids, which were beta-lactamase inhibitors and broad-spectrum antibiotics (Butterworth et al., 1979).
Mar 25,2022 APISide effects and Uses of Rufloxacin
Rufloxacin (MF 934), or 9-fluoro-10-(-methyl) piperazinyl-7-oxo-2,3- dihydro-7H-pyrido-(1,2,3, de) (1,4) benzothiazine-6-carboxylic acid, is an older-generation fluoroquinolone developed in 1989 with
Mar 25,2022 APISide effects of Lomefloxacin
Lomefloxacin (Maxaquins, Pfizer) is an older-generation difluoroquinolone that has the chemical formula 1-ethyl-6,8-difluoro-1,4- dihydro-7-(3-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-4-oxoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid. C
Mar 25,2022 APISide effects of Sparfloxacin
Sparfloxacin (AT-4140, CI-978, PD 131501) is a newer-generation aminodifluoroquinolone with broad spectrum antibacterial activity. It has the chemical formula 5-amino-1-cyclopropyl-7-(cis-3,5-dimethyl
Mar 25,2022 API