| Identification | Back Directory | [Name]
TRIGONELLINE | [CAS]
535-83-1 | [Synonyms]
Gynesis
Gynesine
Coffearin
Coffearine
Caffearine
Trigoneline
Trigonellin
TRIGONELLINE
Trigenolline
betainnicotinate
Betain nicotinate
betainenicotinate
Betaine nicotinate
N-Methylnicotinate
RARECHEM AQ NN 0202
SPECS AP-163/40806827
n-methylnicotinicacid
N-Methylnicotinic acid
n’-methylnicotinicacid
N'-Methylnicotinic acid
N-Methylnicotinic betaine
nicotinicacidn-methylbetaine
Nicotinic acid N-methylbetaine
1-methylpyridine-5-carboxylate
1-methylpyridinio-3-carboxylate
1-Methyl-3-pyridiniumcarboxylate
1-Methylpyridinium-3-carboxylate
Trigonelline, froM Trigonella foenuM-graecuM
3-carboxy-1-methylpyridiniumhydroxideinnersalt
3-Carboxy-1-methylpyridinium hydroxide inner salt
Trigonelline, 98%, from Trigonella foenum-graecum
pyridinium,3-carboxy-1-methyl-,hydroxide,innersalt
Trigonelline, 98%, from Trigonella foenum-graecum L.
Pyridinium, 3-carboxy-1-methyl-, hydroxide, inner salt | [EINECS(EC#)]
208-620-5 | [Molecular Formula]
C7H7NO2 | [MDL Number]
MFCD00054262 | [MOL File]
535-83-1.mol | [Molecular Weight]
137.14 |
| Chemical Properties | Back Directory | [Melting point ]
260°C (dec.) | [Boiling point ]
251.96°C (rough estimate) | [density ]
1.2528 (rough estimate) | [refractive index ]
1.5030 (estimate) | [storage temp. ]
Refrigerator | [solubility ]
Methanol (Slightly), Water (Slightly) | [form ]
Solid | [color ]
Off-White to Light Beige | [Major Application]
pharmaceutical (small molecule) | [InChI]
InChI=1S/C7H7NO2/c1-8-4-2-3-6(5-8)7(9)10/h2-5H,1H3 | [InChIKey]
WWNNZCOKKKDOPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N | [SMILES]
C1(C([O-])=O)=CC=C[N+](C)=C1 | [LogP]
-3.910 (est) |
| Hazard Information | Back Directory | [Description]
Trigonelline is a bitter alkaloid in coffee which serves to produce important aroma compounds. In terms of concentration trigonelline is higher for arabica than robusta and ranges from about 0.6-1.3% and 0.3-0.9%, respectively.
Trigonelline, the N-methylpyridinium-3-carboxylate, is, after caffeine, the second most important alkaloid of coffee, with about 1% of the green bean. During leaf development, it is synthesized in the leaves and in the fruits' pericarp and accumulated in the seeds. The direct precursors are nicotinic acid and nicotine amide, deriving from the pyridine nucleotide cycle.
Trigonelline is a plant hormone that has diverse regulatory functions with respect to plant cell cycle regulation, nodulation, and oxidative stress, and in helping survival and growth of the plant. It is found in significant quantity in many plants like coffee beans and fenugreek seed. Because it was first isolated from the fenugreek seeds (Trigonella foenum-graecum), the name assigned to it has been “trigonelline.” The chemical formula for trigonelline is C7H7NO2. It is a methylation product of niacin (vitamin B3), and thus is also known as “methylated niacin.” At higher temperatures, trigonelline breaks down to niacin. In addition to trigonelline, fenugreek seeds contain other alkaloids such as gentianine and carpaine.
| [Chemical Properties]
White solid | [Occurrence]
Trigonelline (TRG) is a plant alkaloid mainly obtained from fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) seeds. Apart from this, it is also reported to be present in other plant species such as tree onion or Allium cepa, Coffea sp., pea or Pisum sativum, Soybean or Glycine max, and tomato or Lycopersicon esculentum.
| [Uses]
antihyperglycemic | [Definition]
ChEBI: An iminium betaine that is the conjugate base of N-methylnicotinic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group. | [Biosynthesis]
Trigonelline is synthesized by the methylation of nicotinic acid. This reaction is catalyzed by Sadenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) dependent nicotinate N-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.7), which is found in crude extracts of the pea. This enzyme has now been purified from heterotrophic cultured cells and leaves of Glycine max. The Km values for nicotinate and SAM were 78 μM and 55 μM, respectively in the enzyme derived from cultured cells, and 12.5 μM and 31 μM in leaves. The optimum pH of the cultured cell enzyme is alkaline (8.0), but that of the leaf enzyme is acidic (6.5). The gene encoding trigonelline synthase has not yet been cloned from any organism. | [benefits]
Trigonelline (TRG) has been reported to exert various pharmacological activities, which include antihyperlipidemic, hypocholesterolemia, antihyperglycemic, and neuroprotective effects with improved cognitive impairment. TRG can reduce advanced glycated end products in muscle along with an increase in glutathione level and decreased lipid peroxidation. It can also reduce total cholesterol, triglycerides, and free fatty acids to decrease visceral and epididymal indices. The ability to decrease mitochondrial ROS generation, active participation in β-cell regeneration, insulin secretion, and regulation of gene expressions related to carbohydrate metabolism have been reported to be the critical factors for its antihyperglycemic effects. TRG has been reported to modulate axonal extension and neural excitability related to its potential neuroprotective effects, especially in the case of Alzheimer's disease. It has also exhibited antimigraine, sedative, memory-improving, antibacterial, antiviral, and antitumor activities in different studies.
| [Purification Methods]
Crystallise trigonelline (as monohydrate) from aqueous EtOH, then dry it at 100o. It also crystallises from H2O as the monohydrate with m 230-233o(dec). It has been crystallised from EtOH with m 214-215o(dec). The picrate crystallises from EtOH with m 204-206o. [Green & Tong J Am Chem Soc 78 4896 1956, Kosower & Patton J Org Chem 26 1319 1961, Beilstein 22 III/IV 462, 22/2 V 143.] | [References]
Jahns., Ber., 18,2518 (1885)
Thoms., ibid, 31,271,404 (1891)
Schultz, Frankfurt., ibid, 27,709 (1894)
Gorter., Annalen, 372,237 (1910)
Schultz, Trier., Zeit. physiol. Chem., 76,258 (1912)
Holtz, Kutscher, Theilmann., Zeit. Bioi., 8, 57 (1924)
Rimington., Onderstepoort J., 5, 81 (1935)
Pharmacology :
Ackermann., Zeit. Bioi., 59, 17 (1912)
Volmer, Furst., Bull. Acad. Med., 122,241 (1939) |
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