Lycorin Chemische Eigenschaften,Einsatz,Produktion Methoden
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Beschreibung
Lycoris radiate, a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), is the bulb of the amaryllidaceous Lycoris radiata herb. It has been applied for clinical purposes for centuries.
It is firstly recorded in Tujing Bencao and mainly used for the pyogenic infections.
According to A Supplement to Compendium of Materia Medica, lycoris radiate may
be used for treating acute throat trouble, phlegm node, baihuodan, and pulmonary
abscess.
There are about 20 Lycoris species in the world, which are widely distributed in
China and Japan. Lycoris radiate is an amazing horticultural plant with a graceful
shape and a bright color. In TCM, it is acrid in taste and neutral in nature, with functions of detoxication, easy expectoration, and diuresis and emesis promotion.
According to the modern medicine, lycoris radiate is considered to be in favor of the
central nervous system and cardiovascular system.
The main active ingredients extracted from the lycoris herbs are about 40 alkaloids with various contents. Pharmacological tests indicate that galanthamine, lycorine, lycoramine, lycorenine, and crinine are the major effective medicinal
ingredients. Lycorine may be used to treat amebic dysentery and against cancer.
Moreover, galanthamine, dihydrogalanthamine, and lycoramine may be used to treat infantile paralysis and restore nerve functions and against traumatic paraplegia, etc. Lycoris radiate is famous because galanthamine has been approved by FDA
as an anti-Alzheimer disease drug. Lycoris radiate is the only natural source for
galanthamine with extremely low content (<0.02%).
Physikalische Eigenschaften
Appearance: colorless prismatic crystal. Solubility: insoluble in water; sparingly
soluble in ethyl alcohol and diethyl ether. Melting point: 275–280?°C (decomposition). Specific optical rotation: right-handed optical rotation with a specific optical
rotation of ?129° (98% ethyl alcohol).
History
In 1895, Morishima successfully extracted lycorine from the bulb of Lycoris radiata.
However, its structure was unidentified until in 1935. In 1959, its stereochemical
structure was dissected by monocrystal.
The solvent extraction method, chromatographic separation, and resin absorption are commonly used for lycorine extraction. However, lycorine obtained from
these techniques is not pure enough and often mixed with other alkaloids. The great
differences in the efficacies of different alkaloids prevent such blending from being
directly used. Furthermore, the separation and purification process so required has
an adverse effect on and limits the development and utilization of the medicinal
value of lycorine.
Verwenden
Lycorine is an analgesic, more so than aspirin, and a hypotensive, as are caranine and galanthine . The analgesic activity exhibited by the Amaryllidaceae alkaloids is attributed to their resemblance to the morphine and codeine skeletons. Lycorine also has antiarrhythmic action, and lycorine hydrochloride is a strong broncholytic. In fact, lycorine shows a relaxant effect on an isolated epinephrine-precontracted pulmonary artery and increases contractility and the rate of an isolated perfused heart. These effects are mediated by stimulation of b-adrenergic receptors.
Lycorine also has a strong inhibitory effect on parasite (Encephalitozoon intestinalis) development and antifungal activity against Candida albicans. Additionally, lycorine has antifeedant, antimalarial, emetic, anti-inflammatory, antiplatelet , as well as antifertility activities. Galanthine, in turn, shows mild in vitro activity against Tripanosoma brucei rhodesiense and Plasmodium falciparum.
Definition
ChEBI: An indolizidine alkaloid that is 3,12-didehydrogalanthan substituted by hydroxy groups at positions and 2 and a methylenedioxy group across positions 9 and 10. Isolated from Crinum asiaticum, it has been shown to exhibit antimalarial activit
.
Indications
Injection: 25?mg/ml, for resistance to amebic protozoa and treatment of intraintestinal/extraintestinal amebiasis. Subcutaneous injection: 25–50? mg/injection
and 50?mg/day.
Clinical Use
Dihydrolycorine, generated through the hydrogenation of lycorine, has been used
clinically due to its better resistance against amebic dysentery and lower toxicity.
The amine salt made of lycorine has an antitumor effect in animals.
Lycorine exposure may cause skin irritation (red and swollen) and itching.
Nosebleed may be induced in case of inhalation. In case of overdose, it may cause
salivation, emesis, diarrhea, bradycardia, cold hands/feet, or even death due to
respiratory center paralysis. The major studies of clinical application are focused on
(1) antitumor effect, (2) effect on the central nervous system, (3) effect on the cardiovascular system, (4) anti-inflammatory effect, (5) effect on smooth muscle, and
(6) emetic effect.
läuterung methode
It crystallises as orange crystals from MeOH (m 281-283o), CHCl3/EtOH (m 272-274o), pyridine or from EtOH (m 277o, dec). It has been distilled under high vacuum. The hydrochloride has m 288o (from MeOH/HCl), and the picrate has m 196-197o(from EtOH), [Cook et al. J Chem Soc 4176 1954, Martin & Tu J Org Chem 46 3763 1981, Beilstein 27 II 547, 27 III/IV 6463.]
Lycorin Upstream-Materialien And Downstream Produkte
Upstream-Materialien
Downstream Produkte
