エバーメクチン 化学特性,用途語,生産方法
外観
白色〜ほとんど白色, 結晶性粉末
溶解性
水7-10ug/L(20℃)トルエン350,アセトン100,イソプロパノール70,クロロホルム25,エタノール20,メタノール19.5,n-ブタノール10,シクロヘキサン6(g/l 21℃)アセトンにやや溶けやすく、水にほとんど溶けない。
解説
エバーメクチンは，放線菌から放出される化学物質で、感染症を媒介する線虫など寄生虫の活動を抑制するように作用するマクロライド系抗生物質。アベルメクチンともいう。糸状虫など線虫の神経に作用し、麻痺させたり発育を防止したりするはたらきももつ。大村智(おおむらさとし)により1979年（昭和54）に静岡県のゴルフ場の土壌の中から発見され、その後、アメリカの製薬会社によって「イベルメクチン」として製品化され、家畜やイヌなどの寄生虫駆除薬として用いられた。その後ヒトにも効果があることが確認され、オンコセルカ症やリンパ系フィラリア症（象皮病）など、寄生虫による感染症の特効薬として世界的に使われるようになった。一般には疥癬(かいせん)の特効薬としても知られる。大村はこの功績により2015年（平成27）にノーベル医学生理学賞を受賞した。［編集部 2016年5月19日］[参照項目] | イベルメクチン | 大村智 | オンコセルカ症 | 疥癬 | 放線菌 | マクロライド系抗生物質
小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ) ）
農薬用途
動物薬、殺虫剤
使用上の注意
アルゴン封入
化学的特性
Abamectin is a colorless to yellowish crystalline powder. It is soluble in acetone, methanol,
toluene, chloroform, and ethanol, but insoluble in water. It is stable, and incompatible with
strong oxidizing agents. Abamectin is a mixture of Abamectins containing about 80%
Abamectin B1a and 20% Abamectin B1b. These two components, B1a and B1b, have very
similar biological and toxicological properties. The Abamectins are insecticidal/miticidal
compounds derived from the soil bacterium
Streptomyces avermitilis.
Abamectin is used to
control insect and mite pests of citrus, pear, and nut tree crops, and is used by homeown-
ers to control fi
re ants. It acts on the nervous system of insects, causing paralyzing effects.
Abamectin is a general use pesticide (GUP). It is grouped as toxicity class IV, meaning
practically non-toxic, requiring no precautionary statement on its label
使用
Mixture of Abamectins, containing at least 80% of Abamectin B1a (C48H72O14) and not more than 20% of Abamectin B1b (C47H70O14). Used as acaricide, insecticide
定義
Any of a group of broad spectrum antiparasitic antibiotics produced by the actinomycete, Streptomyces avermitilis.
一般的な説明
Odorless off-white to yellow crystals from methanol. Does not hydrolyze in water at pH 3, 5, 7. Used as an acaricide and insecticide.
反応プロフィール
A lactone.
危険性
A poison by ingestion. Moderately toxic by
inhalation and skin contact.
健康ハザード
Abamectin is an insecticide and miticide. It is very toxic and causes adverse health effects
if swallowed and/or inhaled. Emulsifi
able concentrate formulations of Abamectin cause
slight to moderate eye irritation and mild skin irritation. The symptoms of poisoning
observed in laboratory animals include pupil dilation, vomiting, convulsions and/or trem-
ors, and coma. Abamectin acts on insects by interfering with the nervous system. At very
high doses, laboratory mammals develop symptoms of nervous system depression, inco-
ordination, tremors, lethargy, excitation, and pupil dilation. Very high doses have caused
death from respiratory failure in animals. Additionally, Abamectin has been reported to
cause reproductive effects. Abamectin blocks the nerval conduct system in insects, caus-
ing paralysis and death. Laboratory studies have indicated that abamectin may affect the
nervous system in experimental animals. A 1-year study with dogs given oral doses of
abamectin (0.5 and 1 mg/kg/day) caused adverse health effects, such as pupil dilation,
weight loss, lethargy, tremors, and recumbency.
农业用途
Acaricide, Miticide, Insecticide, Anthelmentic: Used on fruit, vegetable and ornamental crops; pears,
citrus fruits, and nut crops; to control mite and insect pests,
and also to control household and lawn insects, including fire
ants. Approved by the EPA for use in ash trees for control of
emerald ash borer. A U.S. EPA restricted Use Pesticide (RUP).
製品名
ABACIDE®; AFFIRM®; AVID®,
AVID-EC®; AVOMEC®; DYNAMEC®; INJECT-A-
CIDE AV®; MK 936®(B 1A ); BOVITIN®; DORATECT®;
DUOMECTIN®; DUOTIN®; ENDECTO®; ENZEC®; L
676,863® (B 1A ); MK 0936®; MK 936®; PARAFOIL®;
VERTIMEC®, VERTIMIL®; VIVID®; ZECTIN®;
ZEPHEYR®; ZEPHYR®
代謝経路
Abamectin contains the closely related avermectin B
1a and B
1b as the
active ingredients. Avermectin B
1a contains a sec-butyl moiety whereas
avermectin B
1b contains an isopropyl moiety. Chemical degradation and
metabolism studies were conducted with avermectin B
1a radiolabelled
with
3H or
14C at various positions of this large molecule. The overall fates
of avermectin B
1a and B
1b are similar since transformations at the butyl or
propyl moiety were not observed.
Avermectin B
1a is stable to hydrolytic degradation, but it is readily
degraded to numerous products in aqueous solutions, soil, glass and
plant foliage/fruit surfaces after light irradiation. Isomerisation and
O-demethylation appear to the primary degradation reactions. In addition,
hydroxylation is a major metabolic reaction in animals. Significant
amounts of the residues in plants and animals were characterised as
unidentified polar components.
予防処置
During use of Abamectin, occupational workers should use safety glasses, gloves, and
protective clothing to prevent prolonged skin contact, and work in good ventilation.
エバーメクチン 上流と下流の製品情報
原材料
準備製品