ニトロフェノル 化学特性,用途語,生産方法
解説
ニトロフェノール．o-，m-，p-ニトロフェノールの3種類の異性体がある．フェノールを希硝酸でニトロ化すれば，o-およびp-ニトロフェノールが生成し，前者は水蒸気蒸留によって留出するので両者を分離することができる．m-ニトロフェノールは，m-ニトロアニリンのジアゾ化，ついでジアゾニウム基の加水分解によって合成できる．いずれも常温では淡黄または黄色の結晶で，ニトロ基の電子求引性のためにヒドロキシ基の酸性はかなり強く，pH 指示薬として用いられる．エタノール，エーテル，ベンゼン，および熱水，希アルカリ水溶液に易溶．還元すればそれぞれ相当するアミノフェノールとなる．染料，医薬，農薬などの合成中間体である．
化学的特性
There are three isomers of nitrophenol. The
isomer of greatest concern, and the subject of ATSDR
Toxicology Profile, is the p-isomer (4-nitrophenol). The
meta-form is produced from m-nitroaniline, and the o-and
p-isomers are produced by nitration of phenol. They are
colorless to slightly yellowish crystals with an aromatic to
sweetish odor.
一般的な説明
A yellow crystalline solid consisting of a mixture of chemically similar isomers. Slightly soluble in water. The primary hazard is the threat posed to the environment. Immediate steps should be taken to limit its spread to the environment. Nitrophenol is combustible though Nitrophenol may take some effort to ignite. Burns to give toxic oxides of nitrogen. Used in the manufacture of other chemicals.
空気と水の反応
Slightly soluble in water.
反応プロフィール
Organonitrate compounds, such as Nitrophenol, range from slight to strong oxidizing agents. If mixed with reducing agents, including hydrides, sulfides and nitrides, they may begin a vigorous reaction that culminates in a detonation. The aromatic nitro compounds may explode in the presence of a base such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide even in the presence of water or organic solvents. The explosive tendencies of aromatic nitro compounds are increased by the presence of multiple nitro groups. Phenols do not behave as organic alcohols, as one might guess from the presence of a hydroxyl (-OH) group in their structure. Instead, they react as weak organic acids. Phenols and cresols are much weaker as acids than common carboxylic acids (phenol has Ka = 1.3 x 10^[-10]). These materials are incompatible with strong reducing substances such as hydrides, nitrides, alkali metals, and sulfides. Flammable gas (H2) is often generated, and the heat of the reaction may ignite the gas. Heat is also generated by the acid-base reaction between phenols and bases.
健康ハザード
TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.
火災危険
Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors and sewers explosion hazards. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. Substance may be transported in a molten form.
職業ばく露
(p-isomer): Possible risk of forming
tumors, Suspected reprotoxic hazard. Nitrophenols are used
as intermediates in production of dyes; photochemicals,
pesticides, and pharmaceuticals; in leather tanning.
輸送方法
UN1663 Nitrophenols (o-; m-; p-), Hazard
Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials.
不和合性
Nitrophenols are strong oxidizers. Reacts
violently with combustible and reducing agents. Contact
with potassium hydroxide forms an explosive mixture. May
explode on heating.
廃棄物の処理
Controlled incineration-care
must be taken to maintain complete combustion at all
times. Incineration of large quantities may require scrubbers
to control the emission of nitrogen oxides. In accordance
with 40CFR165, follow recommendations for the
disposal of pesticides and pesticide containers. Must be disposed
properly by following package label directions or by
contacting your local or federal environmental control
agency, or by contacting your regional EPA office. Consult
with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on
acceptable disposal practices. Generators of waste containing
this contaminant (≥100 kg/mo) must conform with
EPA regulations governing storage, transportation, treatment,
and waste disposal.
ニトロフェノル 上流と下流の製品情報
原材料
準備製品