ホルミウム 化学特性,用途語,生産方法
解説
ホルミウム，Ho．原子番号67の元素．電子配置[Xe]4f 116s2の周期表3族ランタノイド元素．もっとも希少の希土類元素イットリウム族の一つ．原子量164.93032(2)．安定同位体核種が質量数165(100％)のみの単核種元素．質量数140～175の放射性同位体が知られている．1878年，フランスのJ-L. Soretがスペクトル分析で見いだし，独立にスウェーデンのP.T. Cleve(クレーベ)により発見された．ストックホルムのラテン名HolmiaによりCleveが命名．ユークセン石，ガドリン石などに含まれる．地殻中の存在度0.78 ppm．銀白色金属．六方最密構造．融点1474 ℃，沸点2695 ℃．密度8.795 g cm－3(25 ℃)．第一イオン化エネルギー6.022 eV．熱水，酸に溶けて水素を発生する．化合物，イオンの色は黄色．酸化数3．化学的性質はほかの希土類元素と同様で，フッ化物，炭酸塩，シュウ酸塩などが水に不溶．化合物は常磁性で，ジスプロシウム化合物とともに希土類中もっとも大きい磁気能率を示す．Ho3＋ の電子配置は4f 10．酸化物は，ガラス着色剤，コンデンサー用材料に，Ho：YAGは医療用などに用いられる2 μm 帯のレーザー結晶に，HoCu2は小型冷凍機用蓄冷材に用いられる．
説明
Holmium has the highest magnetic moment (10.6uB) of any naturally occurring element. Because of this it has been used to create the highest known magnetic fields by placing it within high strength magnets as a pole piece or magnetic flux concentrator.
This magnetic property also has value in Yttrium-Iron-Garnet (YIG) lasers for microwave equipment.
Holmium lasers emit at a human eye safe 2.08 microns allowing its use in a variety of medical and dental applications in both Yttrium-Aluminum-Garnet (YAG) and Yttrium-Lanthanum-Fluoride (YLF) solid state lasers. The wavelength allows for use in silica fibers designed for shorter wavelengths while still providing the cutting strength of longer wave length equipment.
Holmium is one of the colorants used for cubic zirconia and glass, providing yellow or red coloring.
Holmium Metal, is mainly used for making speciality alloys and superconductive materials. Holmium is used in Yttrium-Aluminum-Garnet (YAG) and Yttrium-Lanthanum-Fluoride (YLF) solid-state lasers found inmicrowave equipment (which are in turn found in a variety of medical and dental settings). Holmium lasers are used in medical, dental, and fiber-optical applications. Holmium is one of the colorants used for cubic zirconia and glass, providing yellow or red coloring. Holmium Metal can be further processed to various shapes of ingots, pieces, wires, foils, slabs, rods, discs and powder.
化学的特性
grey metal ingot
物理的性質
Holmium is a crystal-like, solid rare-earth with a metallic luster. It is one of the more scarceelements of the lanthanide series. It is soft, like lead, and can be hammered and pounded intothin sheets.
Its melting point is 1,474°C, its boiling point is 2,700°C, and its density is 8.79g/cm
3.
同位体
There are a total of 57 isotopes of holmium. Only one of these, Ho-165, is stable,and it is the only isotope found in the Earth’s crust. All the other 56 isotopes havehalf-lives of a few milliseconds to 1.20×10
+3 years, the half-life of Ho-166.
名前の由来
Derived from the Latin word for the ancient city named Holmia (present-
day Stockholm, located in Sweden).
天然物の起源
Holmium is the 12th most abundant of the rare-earths found in the Earth’s crust. Althoughit is the 50th most abundant element on Earth, it is one of the least abundant lanthanide metals.It is found in gadolinite and the monazite sands of South Africa and Australia and in thebeach sands of Florida and the Carolinas in the United States. Monazite sand contains about a50% mixture of the rare-earths, but only 0.05% by weight is holmium. Today, small quantitiesof holmium are produced by the ion-exchange process.
来歴
The spectral absorption bands of holmium were noticed in 1878 by the Swiss chemists Delafontaine and Soret, who announced the existence of an “Element X.” Cleve, of Sweden, later independently discovered the element while working on erbia earth. Holmium is named after Cleve’s native city. Pure holmia, the yellow oxide, was prepared by Homberg in 1911. Holmium occurs in gadolinite, monazite, and in other rare-earth minerals. It is commercially obtained from monazite, occurring in that mineral to the extent of about 0.05%. It has been isolated by the reduction of its anhydrous chloride or fluoride with calcium metal. Pure holmium has a metallicto bright silver luster. It is relatively soft and malleable, and is stable in dry air at room temperature, but rapidly oxidizes in moist air and at elevated temperatures. Holmium has unusual magnetic properties. Few uses have yet been found for the element. The element, as with other rare earths, seems to have a low acute toxic rating. Natural holmium consists of one isotope
165Ho, which is not radioactive. Holmium has 49 other isotopes known, all of which are radioactive. The price of 99.9% holmium metal is about $20/g.
特性
Although stable at room temperatures, holmium will corrode at higher temperatures andhumidity. Its oxide coating is a yellowish film that reacts slowly with water and dissolves inweak acids. Holmium has one of the highest magnetic properties of any substance, but it haslittle commercial use.
使用
Holmium has just a few commercial uses, but it could be developed to produce items requiringstrong permanent magnets. It is used for filaments in vacuum tubes and in electrochemistry.It is also used to help identify the atomic weights of elements by spectroscopy, which identifiesthe unique lines produced by each element when viewed through a spectroscope. It also haslimited use as neutron absorber in nuclear reactors and as coloring agent for glass.
定義
holmium: Symbol Ho. A soft silverymetallic element belonging to thelanthanoids; a.n. 67; r.a.m. 164.93;r.d. 8.795 (20°C); m.p. 1474°C; b.p.2695°C. It occurs in apatite, xenotime,and some other rare-earth minerals.There is one natural isotope,holmium–165; eighteen artificial isotopeshave been produced. There areno uses for the element, which wasdiscovered by Per Cleve (1840–1905)and J. L. Soret in 1879.
調製方法
Holmium is obtained from monazite, bastnasite and other rare-earth minerals as a by-product during recovery of dysprosium, thulium and other rareearth metals. The recovery steps in production of all lanthanide elements arevery similar. These involve breaking up ores by treatment with hot concentrated sulfuric acid or by caustic fusion; separation of rare-earths by ionexchange processes; conversion to halide salts; and reduction of the halide(s)to metal (See Dysprosium, Gadolinium and Erbium).
Bulk holmium metal is prepared by reduction of holmium chloride or fluo-ride by sodium, calcium, or magnesium in a tantalum crucible under argonatmosphere:
2HoF
3 + 3Ca → 3CaF
2 + 2Ho
Pure holmium metal is obtained by distillation of crude metal at 1,500°C.
一般的な説明
Holmium Wavelength Calibration Standard is a high-quality secondary reference standard offered as a suitable alternative to NBS Holmium Oxide Solution (No. 2034). It is used to establish the accuracy of conventional spectrophotometers in the spectral range 240 to 650 nm. The product consists of Holmium perchlorate (15% w/v) in 10% perchloric acid.
危険性
Because holmium is produced in such very small amounts, it is not a potential hazard tothe general public. However, professional chemists take the same precautions as they do withother rare-earths.
ホルミウム 上流と下流の製品情報
原材料
準備製品