| 融点 | 284-286 °C(lit.) | | 沸点 | 471.21°C (rough estimate) | | 比旋光度 | D18 -104.3° (c = 0.254 in alc); D25 -139° (c = 0.4 in chloroform) | | 比重(密度) | d18 1.359 | | 蒸気圧 | 1.5 xl0-7 Pa (20 °C, est.) | | 屈折率 | 1.6500 (estimate) | | 貯蔵温度 | Poison room | | 溶解性 | chloroform: clear to hazy | | 水溶解度 | 143 mg l-1 | | 酸解離定数(Pka) | 8.26(at 25℃) | | 外見 | Fine Crystalline Powder | | 色 | White | | Merck | 14,8855 | | 暴露限界値 | NIOSH REL: TWA 0.15 mg/m3, IDLH 3 mg/m3; OSHA PEL: TWA
0.15 mg/m3; ACGIH TLV: TWA 0.15 mg/m3. | | 安定性： | Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents. | | LogP | 1.930 | | CAS データベース | 57-24-9(CAS DataBase Reference) | | EPAの化学物質情報 | Strychnine (57-24-9) |
| | ストリキニーネ Usage And Synthesis |
| 解説 | ストリキニンともいう．C21H22N2O2(334.41)．フジウツギ科Strychnos nux-vomicaの種子(まちんし，馬銭子)に含まれるインドールアルカロイドの一種．ストリキニーネは，ジメトキシ誘導体のブルシンとともに得られる．融点268 ℃．[α]D－139°(クロロホルム)．d204 1.36．pKa1 8.0，pKa2 2.3(20 ℃)．UVλmax 254，278，288 nm(log ε 4.10，3.63，3.53エタノール)．水，エーテル，冷エタノールに難溶．猛毒で中枢神経を刺激し興奮させる．さらには特有の硬直性けいれんを起こし，死に至らせる．ヒトに対する致死量30～100 mg．神経興奮薬として病後の回復に，あるいは消化器機能不全の治療に用いる．森北出版「化学辞典（第2版） | | 用途 | 主に齧歯類のような小動物を殺すのに用いられる | | 薬理学 | マチン属Strychnos植物中に含まれる中枢神経興奮作用を現すアルカロイドで，毒薬。ストリキニンともいう。現在はマチンS.nux‐vomicaの種子，馬銭子（まちんし）(ホミカともいう)から抽出し，硝酸塩として精製される。強力な痙攣（けいれん）毒で，イヌに飲ませた場合，0.47mg/kgの用量で痙攣を起こさせ，1.2～3.9mg/kgで痙攣死する。ストリキニーネの最も著明な薬理作用は脊髄の反射機能を亢進させることで，わずかの知覚刺激によっても強度の筋収縮を生じさせる。 ストリキニーネは，ストリキニンともいう。ピクロトキシン、ニコチンとともに三大けいれん毒の一つで、過量投与により強直性けいれんをおこす。毒薬。硝酸ストリキニーネとして種々の薬物中毒、手術時や出血時のショックに中枢神経興奮剤として用いられたが、現在では薬理学の研究用試薬として使われることはあるが、治療にはほとんど使用されていない。血管、呼吸中枢を興奮させ、脊髄の反射機能を亢進する。興奮剤、強心剤、分析用試薬として用いられたが、現在では治療にはほとんど用いない。 | | 説明 | Strychnine, C21H22N2O2, Mr 334.4, mp
270–280 ?C (decomp.), forms colorless crystals which are
slightly soluble in water, moderately in benzene, ethanol,
readily soluble in chloroform [9, p. 1121]. | | 化学的特性 | Strychnine is a colorless crystalline prisms or white powder. It is odorless; with a bitter taste | | 化学的特性 | Hard white crystals or powder; bitter
taste. Soluble
in chloroform; slightly soluble in alcohol and
benzene; slightly soluble in water and ether. | | 物理的性質 | Colorless to white, odorless crystals. Bitter taste. | | 来歴 | Strychnine is a white, odorless, toxic crystalline powder with a bitter taste. Strychnine is a well-known poison, but it has also been used in medications. It was one of the first alkaloids to be isolated in pure form when Joseph Bienaimé Caventou (1795 1877) and Pierre Joseph Pelletier (1788 1842) extracted it from Saint Ignatius beans (Strychnos ignatii) in 1818. Caventou and Pelletier subsequently obtained it from its main source Strychnos nux vomica; it is also found in other Strychnos species. Strychnos nux vomica is an evergreen tree native to east India, Southeast Asia, and northern Australia. The seeds of the plant are the main source of strychnine and several other alkaloids (brucine), but it is also obtained from the bark and roots. The seeds are heated and then ground to a powder that contains strychnine. The brownish-gray powder obtained from the ground seeds extracted from the nut is called nux vomica. In commercial production during the 1800s, the seeds were softened by boiling in a dilute sulfuric acid solution and then dried and ground to a powder. Strychnine was extracted from the powder using alcohol and separation techniques to remove impurities. The structure of strychnine was determined by Robert Robinson (1886 1975) in 1946; the next year Robinson received the Nobel Prize in chemistry for his work on alkaloids. Robert Burns Woodward (1917 1979) performed the first complete synthesis of strychnine in 1953.Strychnine was used in its impure powder form centuries before it was isolated. The nuts that yielded the seeds were given names such as poison nut or vomit nuts.
Early workers on its properties warned about its poisonous properties and recommended
against it internal use. | | 使用 | Strychnine as nux vomica was available in apothecaries throughoutthe 19th century, and strychnine salts such as strychnine sulfate, strychnine nitrate, andstrychnine phosphate were a popular medicine. It was sold as pills, powders, and tinctures.Small quantities of strychnine were added to tonics to serve as stimulants. Because its bittertaste stimulates saliva and gastric production, strychnine was used to counteract the lossof appetite produced by various diseases. Hypodermic injections of strychnine along withdigitalis were prescribed for treating acute heart failure in the early 20th century. Otherconditions for which strychnine was prescribed included paralysis, impotence, alcoholism,and drug addiction.
Today strychnine as nux vomica is still available as an herbal ingredient for herbal and homeopathic remedies. The action of nux vomica is attributed to strychnine and brucine. It is recommended for stomach ailments such as atonic dyspepsia, constipation, heart burn, and indigestion. It is reported to relieve nausea during pregnancy. Chinese herbalists use nux vomica externally to treat tumors, headaches, and paralysis. It is recommended for the treatment of Bell's palsy. Strychnine has some uses in modern traditional medicine. It has been used to treat the genetic disorder nonketotic hyperglycinaemia (NKH). NKH is related to glycine metabolism; it can lead to high levels of the inhibitory receptor glycine resulting in seizures. Strychnine is used in neurological research by applying it to areas of the brain or spinal column and observing how the nervous system responds. This method is called strychnine neuronography. Strychnine has been used in conjunction with antivenoms to treat poisonous snake bites. Strychnine is sometimes cut into cocaine, heroin, and other illegal substances in the production of designer drugs.
Strychnine was once used liberally as a pesticide, especially to control vertebrates.It is used as a salt in granular bait formulations. In the United States its use has been progressively limited over the years. . In the1980s, its use was curtailed for above-ground applications to reduce toxicity to nontargetspecies, especially birds; by the end of the decade, its use was limited to below ground.Currently, strychnine is only registered for use by the EPA as a below-ground bait pesticidefor use on pocket gophers. | | 使用 | Strychnine occurs in the seeds of strychnosspecies (S. nux vomica L., S. Loganiaceae,and S. ignatii Berg). The total alkaloid con tent in these plants is 2–3%. The composition of strychnine in these species rangesbetween 1% and 3%. Strychnine is widelyknown as a poison. Its therapeutic applica tions are very limited. It is used as a rodentpoison. | | 使用 | Destroying rodents and predatory animals. | | 使用 | central stimulant | | 使用 | Strychnine is used for the control of moles, squirrels, rabbits,
gophers, mice and other small rodents and of bird pests. Rats normally
avoid the bait. | | 適応症 | Strychnine is clinically used for the treatment of barbiturate poisoning, hemiplegia,
amblyopia, blood diseases, and streptomycin toxicity. Strychnine is used to treat
aplastic anemia. | | 調製方法 | Strychnine is extracted from Strychnos nux-vomica
seeds. The very complex chemical synthesis has been
achieved by WOODWARD et al. (74). | | 定義 | strychnine: A colourless poisonouscrystalline alkaloid found in certainplants. | | 定義 | ChEBI: Strychnine is a monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position. It has a role as an avicide, a glycine receptor antagonist, a cholinergic antagonist, a rodenticide and a neurotransmitter agent. It is a monoterpenoid indole alkaloid and an organic heteroheptacyclic compound. It is a conjugate base of a strychnine(1+). It derives from a hydride of a strychnidine. | | 世界保健機関（WHO） | Strychnine, the principal alkaloid present in nux vomica, was first
used in medicine several centuries ago. However, it has no demonstrated
therapeutic value and there is no current justification for its presence in any
medication. It continues to be used as a rodenticide though such use is severely
restricted in many countries since accidental ingestion can be lethal. | | 一般的な説明 | Colorless, transparent crystals or white crystalline powder. Has no odor. Used for destroying rodents and predatory animals and for trapping fur-bearing animals. | | 反応プロフィール | STRYCHNINE is an alkaloid derivative. STRYCHNINE is a base and forms water soluble salts with acids. Avoid alkalis, alkali carbonates and bicarbonates, benzoates, dichromates, bromides, iodides, tannic and picric acids, salicylates, borax, gold chloride and other alkaloid precipitants, piperazine, potassium-mercuric iodide. Protect from light. [EPA, 1998]. STRYCHNINE is incompatible with the following: Strong oxidizers . | | 危険性 | Toxic by ingestion and inhalation. Central
nervous system impairment. | | 健康ハザード | Super toxic; probable oral lethal dose in humans is less than 5 mg/kg, a taste (less than 7 drops) for a 70 kg (150 lb.) person. It causes violent generalized convulsions. Death results from respiratory arrest as the respiratory muscles are in sustained spasm. The lowest lethal oral dose reported for humans is 30 mg/kg. | | 健康ハザード | Strychnine is a highly toxic alkaloid. Itcauses hypersensitivity to sensory stimuli.It is a powerful convulsant. This results inrespiratory and metabolic acidosis (Hodgson et al. 1988). Death occurs from asphyxiaafter a few seizures. Its convulsant actionsare attributed to the antagonism of theinhibitory effects of glycine. It excites allportions of the central nervous system. Itproduces green-colored vision, which is aneffect of sensory disorders. Toxic symptomsfrom continued medication with strychnineinclude photophobia, muscular rigidity, stiff ness in joints, lassitude, and headache (vonOettingen 1952, ACGIH 1986). Ingestion of0.1 g may be fatal to humans.
LD50 value, oral (mice): 2 mg/kg
Intravenous administration of diazepamis applied for the treatment of strychninepoisoning. | | 火災危険 | When heated, emits highly toxic fumes. Fire may produce irritating or poisonous gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution. Protect from light. | | 农业用途 | Rodenticide, Avicide: Strychnine products are allowed for use only below ground where exposure to food and feed crops is not expected. It can be used in orchards, feed crop sites, pastures, range land, alfalfa fields, irrigation systems, non-agriculture rights-of-way, forests, and residential sites. Pocket gophers are primary targets. Not listed for use in EU countries. A U.S. EPA restricted Use Pesticide (RUP) | | 製品名 | BOOMER-RID®; CERTOX®; DOLCO MOUSE CEREAL®; GOPHER BAIT®; GOPHERGETTER®; GOPHER-GO AG BAIT®; HARE-RID®; KWIK-KIL®; MOLE DEATH®; MOUSE-NOTS®; MOUSE-RID®; MOUSE-TOX®; NUX VOMICA®; PIED PIPER MOUSE SEED® (strychnine); RO-DEX®; SANASEED® | | 薬理学 | The pharmacological effect of strychnine is mainly manifested in the central nervous system, cardiovascular system, digestive system and antitumor effects.
Studies have shown that the effects of strychnine on the nervous system are
mainly manifested in the following areas: (1) Strychnine can improve the excitability of the spinal cord. In the recovery period of acute myelitis patients, the nerve
recovery is very slow. Strychnine can stimulate the reflex function of the spinal
cord, improve the function of the sensory centers of cerebral cortex, and significantly speed up the recovery of nerve function of acute myelitis patients. (2)
Strychnine can excite the medulla oblongata and improve the excitabilities of vascular movement center and respiratory center. (3) Strychnine can excite the cerebral
cortex. The therapeutic dose of strychnine can excite the cerebral cortex, wake up
the patients in the state of inhibition, and improve the functions of hearing, vision,
taste, touch, and other receptors of patients.
The treatment effects of strychnine on the arrhythmia. Strychnine is able to block
the voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.5, which is a major subtype of the voltagegated sodium (Nav) channel. Nav1.5 exists in cardiomyocytes of mammalian species and plays an important role in maintaining excitability of cardiomyocytes and
excitability conduction. Studies have shown that strychnine can inhibit the Nav1.5
current in a concentration-dependent manner; therefore, it has a potential advantage
in the treatment of arrhythmias.
Strychnine can promote the digestive function through reflex. Strychnine can
increase the gastric secretion through stimulation of the sensory receptors and promote digestion and appetite. In addition, 0.5?mM and 1?mM strychnine can significantly induce cell shrinkage after HepG2 exposure to strychnine for 72?h and can
inhibit the proliferation of HepG2 cells and promote cell apoptosis, suggesting that
strychnine may possess antitumor effects. | | 臨床応用 | Strychnine is commonly used in the treatment of flaccid paralysis, ENT diseases,
diabetes, neurasthenia, acute myelitis, peripheral neuritis, and aplastic anemia in
clinic. However, due to the relatively high toxicity of strychnine, excessive or longterm use of strychnine may lead to poison. Studies have shown that the combination
of Strychnos and Glycyrrhiza or cinnamon can reduce the toxicity of strychnine. Therefore, further study of poisoning mechanism and toxicokinetics of strychnine is of great significance for the clinical safety | | 安全性プロファイル | Human poison by ingestion. Experimental poison by ingestion, intravenous, subcutaneous, and intraperitoneal routes. Experimental reproductive effects. An allergen. Lethal dose to man: 30-60 mg/kg. If ingested, the time of action depends upon the condition of the stomach, whether empty or full, and the nature of the food present. If taken by subcutaneous injection, the place of administration of the injection will affect the time of action. The first symptoms are a feeling of uneasiness with a heightened reflex of irritability, followed by muscular twitching in some parts of the body. With larger doses, this is followed by a sense of impending suffocation. Convulsive movements begin that have the effect of mechanically causing the patient to cry out or to shriek; then follow the characteristic spasms, which set in with violence. These are at first clonic and then tonic. There are successive attacks of spasms. With each successive attack, the symptoms become more violent, eventually resulting in death. A rodenticide. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of NOx. | | 職業ばく露 | de, requiring a certified applicator. Strychnine is an alkaloid compound that has been widely used as a rodenticide/bait to kill rodents; a medicine, respiratory stimulant. A potential danger to those involved in the extraction the seeds of the Strychnos nux vomica, Strychnos ignatii (S. sancta Ingnatius), and Strychnos tiente (Upas tree); formulation or application of this rodent poison. The sulfate is used to kill gophers and moles. A common adulterant in illicit street drugs. Listed as a potential WMD biotoxin. | | Source | Strychnine silver morning glory, wood rose, and in Strychnos nusvomica L.: 15,800, 400–
12,000, 8,000, and 7,030 ppm in bark, seeds, leaves, and roots, respectively (Duke, 1992). | | 環境運命予測 | Chemical/Physical. Reacts with acids forming water-soluble salts (Worthing and
Hance, 1991). Emits toxic nitrogen oxides when heated to decomposition (Lewis, 1990). | | 代謝経路 | Strychnine is used for the control of rodents in field situations and
experiments on its sorption and degradation in soil have been reported
but with very little information specifically on metabolic pathways.
Metabolism in rats has been conducted and this has been supported by
studies in vitro using liver microsomes from several species. A picture of
its metabolism has been established but further work on minor pathways
and conjugation may be necessary. | | Solubility in water | (g/L):
Alcohol (6.67 g/L), amyl alcohol (4.55 g/L), benzene (5.56 g/L), chloroform (200 g/L), glycerol (3.13 g/L), methanol
(3.85 g/L), toluene (≈ 5 g/L) (Windholz et al., 1983), pyridine (>12.3 g/kg at 20–25 °C) (Dehn, 1917) | | 輸送方法 | UN1692 Strychnine or strychnine salts, Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous material. | | 純化方法 | It crystallises from CHCl3/Et2O and sublimes at 125o/0.01mm. It can also be purified by conversion to the hydrochloride [m 275-295o (dec), []D -44o (0.03N HCl)] with aqueous HCl, then neutralisation with ammonia. [Beilstein 27 II 723, 27 III/IV 7530.] It is POISONOUS. | | Degradation | Strychnine is a base which forms stable salts with inorganic acids, e.g. the
hydrochloride and sulfate. It is hydrolytically stable at 25 °C with DT50
values >31 days at pH 5,7 and 9 (PM). | | 不和合性 | Incompatible with oxidizers (chlorates, nitrates, peroxides, permanganates, perchlorates, chlorine, bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact may cause fires or explosions. Keep away from alkaline materials, strong bases, strong acids, oxoacids, epoxides. Dangerous when heated; forms toxic fumes, including nitrogen oxides. In the body, caffeine may increase the strychnine effect. | | 廃棄物の処理 | Consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices. Generators of waste containing this contaminant (≥100 kg/mo) must conform to EPA regulations governing storage, transportation, treatment, and waste disposal. In accordance with 40CFR165, follow recommendations for the disposal of pesticides and pesticide containers. Must be disposed properly by following package label directions or by contacting your local or federal environmental control agency, or by contacting your regional EPA office. Careful incineration has been recommended for disposal. Two procedures are suggested. Pour or sift onto a thick layer of sand and soda ash mixture (90-10). Mix and shovel into a heavy paper box with much paper packing Burn in incinerator. Fire may be augmented by adding excelsior and scrap wood. Stay on the upwind side. Waste may be dissolved in flammable solvent (alcohols, benzene, etc.) and sprayed into fire box of an incinerator with afterburner and scrubber. | | 参考文献 | Regnault., Annalen, 26, 17 (1838)
Watson, Sen.,!. Ind. Chem. Soc., 3,397 (1926)
Schwyzer., Die Fabrikation der Alkaloide, (Berlin, 1927)
Leuchs, Beyer., Ber., 68, 290 (1935)
Clemo., J. Chem. Soc., 1695 (1936)
Briggs, Openshaw, Robinson., ibid, 903 (1946)
Chakravarti, Robinson., Nature, 160, 18 (1947)
Woodward., ibid, 162, 155 (1948)
Woodward., Tetrahedron, 19,247 (1963)
Nagarajan etal., Helv. Chim. Acta, 46, 1212 (1963)
Sandberg et al., Tetrahedron Lett., 6217 (1968)
Absolute configuration:
Peerdemann., Acta Cryst., 9,824 (1956)
Pharmacology:
Lambruschini., Rev. Soc. argent. biol., 14, 353 (1938)
Travell., J. Pharm. expo Ther., 69,21 (1940)
Weigmann., Arch. expo Path. Pharm., 196, 521 (1940)
Raymond-Hamet., Bull. sci. pharmacol., 48, 306 (I 941)
Coppee, Coppee-Bolly., Arch. intern. physiol., 51,97 (1941)
Abreu, Woodbury., J. Pharm. expo Ther., 78, 321 (1943) |
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