| 化学名: | アルミニウム | | 英語化学名: | Aluminum | | 别名: | Aluminum slug, 3.175mm (0.125in) dia x 3.175mm (0.125in) length, Puratronic|r, 99.9999% (metals basi;Aluminum wire, 1.5mm (0.059in) dia, annealed, Puratronic, 99.999% (metals basis);Aluminum wire, 2.0mm (0.08in) dia, annealed, Puratronic, 99.9995% (metals basis);Aluminum slug, 3.175mm (0.125in) dia x 3.175mm (0.125in) length, Puratronic, 99.9995% (metals basis);ALUMINIUM STANDARD SOLUTION 500 ML;ALUMINIUM FINE POWDER, STABILIZED ABOUT;ALUMINIUM (FOIL) FOR ANALYSIS 0.3 MM;ALUMINIUM (GRIT) FOR SYNTHESIS | | CAS番号: | 7429-90-5 | | 分子式: | Al | | 分子量: | 26.98 | | EINECS: | 231-072-3 | | カテゴリ情報: | Essential Chemicals;Routine Reagents;13: Al;AluminumMaterials Science;Nanomaterials;Nanoparticles: Metals and Metal AlloysNanomaterials;Nanopowders and Nanoparticle Dispersions;metal or element;Films and Foils;Labware;Aluminum;AluminumMetal and Ceramic Science;Catalysis and Inorganic Chemistry;Chemical Synthesis;Metals;Metal and Ceramic Science;Inorganics;Industrial/Fine Chemicals;Analytical Reagents;Replacement Kit Items;Water Test;AluminumOrganic Electronics and Photonics;Electrode Materials;Substrates and Electrode Materials;A;AA to ALCertified Reference Materials (CRMs);Alphabetic;Application CRMs;Industrial Raw MaterialsReference/Calibration Standards;IRMM/BCR Certified Reference Materials;Matrix CRMs;Reactor DosimetryCertified Reference Materials (CRMs);Reactor Neutron Dosimetry;Reactor Neutron DosimetryCertified Reference Materials (CRMs);ACS GradeChemical Synthesis | | Mol File: | 7429-90-5.mol |  |
| 融点 | 660.37 °C (lit.) | | 沸点 | 2460 °C (lit.) | | 比重(密度) | 2.7 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.) | | 蒸気圧 | 0.13-1300Pa at 974℃ | | 闪点 | 400°C | | 貯蔵温度 | Flammables area | | 溶解性 | insoluble in H2O; soluble in acid solutions, alkaline solutions | | 外見 | wire | | 色 | Yellow | | 比重 | 2.702 (Water=1) | | PH | 0.5 (H2O, 20°C) | | 臭い (Odor) | Odorless | | 電気抵抗率 (resistivity) | 2.6548 μΩ-cm | | 水溶解度 | Insoluble in water. | | Sensitive | Moisture Sensitive | | Merck | 13,321 / 13,321 | | Dielectric constant | 1.6-1.8（0.0℃） | | 暴露限界値 | TLV-TWA 10 mg/m3 (Al dust), 5 mg/m3
(pyrophoric Al powder and welding fumes),
2 mg/m3 (soluble Al salts and alkyls)
(ACGIH). | | 安定性： | Stable. Powder is flammable. Reacts very exothermically with halogens. Moisture and air sensitive. Incompatible with strong acids, caustics, strong oxidizing agents, halogenated hydrocarbons. | | CAS データベース | 7429-90-5(CAS DataBase Reference) | | NISTの化学物質情報 | Aluminum(7429-90-5) | | EPAの化学物質情報 | Aluminum (7429-90-5) |
| 主な危険性 | F,Xi,Xn,N | | Rフレーズ | 17-15-36/38-10-67-65-62-51/53-48/20-38-11-50 | | Sフレーズ | 7/8-43A-43-26-62-61-36/37-33-29-16-9 | | RIDADR | 1396 | | WGK Germany | 3 | | RTECS 番号 | BD0330000 | | 自然発火温度 | 400 °C | | TSCA | Yes | | 国連危険物分類 | 8 | | 容器等級 | III | | HSコード | 76032000 | | 有毒物質データの | 7429-90-5(Hazardous Substances Data) | | 毒性 | An element that is
abundant (about 8%) in the crust of the earth. Aluminum
appears to have no biological function and, from the point of
view of acute toxicity, is essentially non-toxic. Because it is
primarily eliminated by excretion, people with compromised
kidney function may accumulate the metal. In kidney dialysis
patients, this is a particular problem because the dialyzing
solution may contain high concentrations of aluminum. This
condition (dialysis encephalopathy or dialysis dementia) has
symptoms that include impaired memory, EEG changes,
dementia, aphasia, ataxia, and convulsions.One possible
mechanism of toxicity may be inhibition of hexokinases in the
brain. The chelating agent deferoxamine has been used successfully
in treating this condition.Aluminum is one of the primary toxicants leached
into surface water (and, therefore, water supplies) by acid
deposition. The connection between aluminum and Alzheimers
disease is controversial and many investigators believe there is
no connection. |
| | アルミニウム Usage And Synthesis |
| 外観 | 銀白色の粒状 | | 定義 | ALはアルミニウムの表示名称である。本品は、アルミニウムの微細に粉砕された粒子からなる金属元素である。 | | 溶解性 | 希塩酸、希硫酸及び水酸化ナトリウム溶液に水素を発生して溶け、水及び有機溶媒にほとんど溶けない。 | | 解説 | アルミニウム，原子番号13の元素．電子配置[Ne]3s23p1の周期表13族金属元素．原子量26.981538(2)．質量数27の単核種元素，質量数22～37までの14種の放射性核種が存在する．元素名は古くから知られていたミョウバンalumのラテン名alumenから．IUPACではaluminiumであるがアメリカでは広くaluminumが用いられてる．宇田川榕菴は天保8年(1837年)に出版した「舎密開宗」で亜律密烏母(アリュミウム)としている．1825年にデンマークのHans Christian φrstedによって発見され，1827年にF. Wöhler(ウェーラー)によって金属が得られた．地殻中の存在度84100 ppm で，地球上に広く，かつ多量に存在する．多くの金属のアルミノケイ酸塩として，岩石・土壌の重要成分である．鉱物として長石，雲母などが代表的である．ルビー，サファイアは不純物を含んだAl2O3．資源としての鉱物はボーキサイト(酸化アルミニウム水和物)． | | 主な性質 |
- 軽い。鉄の約１／３の比重で軽量化に好適 表面の電波、光など反射性が高い 非磁性であり、磁気を帯びない無毒性であり、食品容器などにも適す スクラップ価値が高く、屑の再生使用がし易い (高リサイクル性)
- 展延性に富み、板、箔、管、棒、形などに容易に成形できる
- 酸化皮膜が大気中で自然につくられ、高い耐食性を持つ
- 純アルミから高力合金まで用途に応じて適切な強度を選定可能
- 塗装、アルマイト、着色など表面処理性に優れる
- 電気伝導度が銅の６０％程度とかなり高い
- 熱伝導性が高く、熱交換器に適す
- 表面の電波、光など反射性が高い
- 非磁性であり、磁気を帯びない
- 無毒性であり、食品容器などにも適す
- スクラップ価値が高く、屑の再生使用がし易い (高リサイクル性)
| | 用途 | 合成原料、合金材料、触媒、還元剤。 | | 用途 | ドライ型恒温浴。 | | 用途 | 塗料、還元剤。 | | 用途 | 金属 (圧延品)?電線?ダイカスト原料 (化学工業日報社) | | 用途 | 合金材料、試薬として還元剤。 | | 製造 | アルミニウム通常の酸化数3．軟らかく，展延性に富み，アルミはくに加工される．容易に酸素と反応するので，空気中では金属表面は酸化物で覆われている．純金属は酸素と白色炎を発して酸化物Al2O3になる．ハロゲンとも活発に反応して三ハロゲン化物をつくる．酸化数3の化合物をつくる．両性元素で酸にもアルカリにも反応する．希塩酸に易溶，希硫酸にはゆっくり溶ける．水酸化アルカリとはアルミン酸塩M[Al(OH)4]を生成する． | | 化粧品の成分用途 | 着色剤 | | 主な用途／役割 | 銀色用無機系着色剤。 | | 主な用途 |
- アルミニウム缶?瓶のキャップ（ボディ、ふた）
- 自動車部品（エンジン、ホイール、熱交換器、バンパー、他）
- 二輪車、自転車部品（フレーム、エンジン、サスペンション、他）
- 航空機部品（ドア、主翼、胴体、窓枠、椅子、ヘリコプター）
- 鉄道車輌の車体（外板、床、天井、窓枠、リニアモーターカー）
- 船舶（上部看板、ＬＮＧタンク、漁船、ボート）
- 建材（サッシ、カーテンウオール、屋根、壁、内装材）
- 土木（橋の欄干、照明ポール、ガードレール、防音壁）
- 電気電子部品（ＶＴＲシリンダー、熱交フィン、電線、ケーブル、ブスバー、ロボット、プリント基板）
- 情報機器部品（ハードディスク、複写機ドラム、ポリゴンミラー、パソコン）
- エルギー機器部品（エアコン、モーター）
- 日用品（アルミ箔、鍋、やかん、ボンベ）
- スポーツ器具（野球バット、スキー、ストック、洋弓、矢）
| | 使用上の注意 | アルゴン封入 | | 説明 | Although aluminum was one of the last metals to be commercialized,
it has been recognized for centuries. Aluminum was
first recognized by the Romans as an astringent substance, and
they called it ‘alum.’ By the middle ages it was manufactured as
‘alum stone,’ a subsulfate of alumina and potash. In 1825, Hans
C. ?ersted was able to isolate a few drops of the raw material,
and by 1886 it had patents from both Charles Martin Hall of the
United States and Paul-Louis-Toussaint Heroult of France.
Aluminum was commercialized in industry by the end of the
nineteenth century. | | 化学的特性 | Aluminum metallic powder is a light, silvery-white to gray, odorless powder. Aluminum
metallic powder is reactive and flammable. Aluminum is normally coated with a layer of
aluminum oxide unless the particles are freshly formed. There are two main types of aluminum powder: the “fl ake” type made by stamping the cold metal and the “granulated”
type made from molten aluminum. Pyro powder is an especially fi ne type of “fl ake”
powder. Aluminum powders are used in paints, pigments, protective coatings, printing
inks, rocket fuel, explosives, abrasives, and ceramics; the production of inorganic and
organic aluminum chemicals; and as catalysts. Pyro powder is mixed with carbon and
used in the manufacture of fi reworks. The coarse powder is used in aluminothermics. | | 物理的性質 | Emissivity of Al
Clean polished foil: 0.04 (300 K), 0.02 (78 K), 0.011 (2 K, λ: 14 mm)
Electrolytic polished Al after annealing: 0.07 (1000 K), 0.04 (500 K), 0.03 (300 K)
Commercial products: 0.09 (373 K) | | 物理的性質 | Pure metallic aluminum is not found in nature. It is found as a part of compounds,especially compounded with oxygen as in aluminum oxide (Al2O3). In its purified form, aluminumis a bluish-white metal that has excellent qualities of malleability and ductility. Purealuminum is much too soft for construction or other purposes. However, adding as little as1% each of silicon and iron will make aluminum harder and give it strength.
Its melting point is 660.323°C, its boiling point is 2,519°C, and its density is 2.699 g/cm3. | | 同位体 | There are 23 isotopes of aluminum, and only one of these is stable. The singlestable isotope, Al-27, accounts for 100% of the element’s abundance in the Earth’scrust. All the other isotopes are radioactive with half-lives ranging from a few nanosecondsto 7.17×10+15 years. | | 名前の由来 | From the Latin word alumen, or aluminis, meaning “alum,” which is a
bitter tasting form of aluminum sulfate or aluminum potassium sulfate. | | 天然物の起源 | Aluminum is the third most abundant element found in the Earth’s crust. It is found inconcentrations of 83,200 ppm (parts-per-million) in the crust. Only the nonmetals oxygenand silicon are found in greater abundance. Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) is the fourth mostabundant compound found on Earth, with a weight of 69,900 ppm. Another alum-typecompound is potassium aluminum sulfate [KAl(SO4)2?12H2O]. Although aluminum is notfound in its free metallic state, it is the most widely distributed metal (in compound form) onEarth. Aluminum is also the most abundant element found on the moon.
Almost all rocks contain some aluminum in the form of aluminum silicate minerals foundin clays, feldspars, and micas. Today, bauxite is the major ore for the source of aluminummetal. Bauxite was formed eons ago by the natural chemical reaction of water, which thenformed aluminum hydroxides. In addition to the United States, Jamaica and other Caribbeanislands are the major sources of bauxite. Bauxite deposits are found in many countries, butnot all are of high concentration. | | 特性 | Alloys of aluminum are light and strong and can easily be formed into many shapes—thatis, it can be extruded, rolled, pounded, cast, and welded. It is a good conductor of electricityand heat. Aluminum wires are only about 65% as efficient in conducting electricity as arecopper wires, but aluminum wires are significantly lighter in weight and less expensive thancopper wires. Even so, aluminum wiring is not used in homes because of its high electricalresistance, which can build up heat and may cause fires.
Aluminum reacts with acids and strong alkali solutions. Once aluminum is cut, the freshsurface begins to oxidize and form a thin outer coating of aluminum oxide that protects themetal from further corrosion. This is one reason aluminum cans should not be discarded inthe environment. Aluminum cans last for many centuries (though not forever) because atmosphericgases and soil acids and alkalis react slowly with it. This is also the reason aluminumis not found as a metal in its natural state. | | 来歴 | The ancient Greeks and Romans used alum in medicine
as an astringent, and as a mordant in dyeing. In 1761 de
Morveau proposed the name alumine for the base in alum,
and Lavoisier, in 1787, thought this to be the oxide of a still
undiscovered metal. Wohler is generally credited with having
isolated the metal in 1827, although an impure form was prepared
by Oersted two years earlier. In 1807, Davy proposed
the name alumium for the metal, undiscovered at that time,
and later agreed to change it to aluminum. Shortly thereafter,
the name aluminium was adopted to conform with the “ium”
ending of most elements, and this spelling is now in use elsewhere
in the world. Aluminium was also the accepted spelling
in the U.S. until 1925, at which time the American Chemical
Society officially decided to use the name aluminum thereafter
in their publications. The method of obtaining aluminum
metal by the electrolysis of alumina dissolved in cryolite was
discovered in 1886 by Hall in the U.S. and at about the same
time by Heroult in France. Cryolite, a natural ore found in
Greenland, is no longer widely used in commercial production,
but has been replaced by an artificial mixture of sodium,
aluminum, and calcium fluorides. Bauxite, an impure hydrated
oxide ore, is found in large deposits in Jamaica, Australia,
Suriname, Guyana, Russia, Arkansas, and elsewhere. The
Bayer process is most commonly used today to refine bauxite
so it can be accommodated in the Hall–Heroult refining
process used to make most aluminum. Aluminum can now
be produced from clay, but the process is not economically
feasible at present. Aluminum is the most abundant metal to
be found in the Earth’s crust (8.1%), but is never found free
in nature. In addition to the minerals mentioned above, it is
found in feldspars, granite, and in many other common minerals.
Twenty-two isotopes and isomers are known. Natural
aluminum is made of one isotope, 27Al. Pure aluminum, a silvery-
white metal, possesses many desirable characteristics.
It is light, nontoxic, has a pleasing appearance, can easily be
formed, machined, or cast, has a high thermal conductivity,
and has excellent corrosion resistance. It is nonmagnetic and
nonsparking, stands second among metals in the scale of malleability,
and sixth in ductility. It is extensively used for kitchen
utensils, outside building decoration, and in thousands of industrial
applications where a strong, light, easily constructed
material is needed. Although its electrical conductivity is only
about 60% that of copper, it is used in electrical transmission
lines because of its light weight. Pure aluminum is soft and
lacks strength, but it can be alloyed with small amounts of
copper, magnesium, silicon, manganese, and other elements
to impart a variety of useful properties. These alloys are of
vital importance in the construction of modern aircraft and
rockets. Aluminum, evaporated in a vacuum, forms a highly
reflective coating for both visible light and radiant heat. These
coatings soon form a thin layer of the protective oxide and do
not deteriorate as do silver coatings. They have found application
in coatings for telescope mirrors, in making decorative
paper, packages, toys, and in many other uses. The compounds
of greatest importance are aluminum oxide, the sulfate, and
the soluble sulfate with potassium (alum). The oxide, alumina,
occurs naturally as ruby, sapphire, corundum, and emery, and
is used in glassmaking and refractories. Synthetic ruby and
sapphire have found application in the construction of lasers
The Elements 4-3
for producing coherent light. In 1852, the price of aluminum
was about $1200/kg, and just before Hall’s discovery in 1886,
about $25/kg. The price rapidly dropped to 60￠ and has been
as low as 33￠/kg. The price in December 2001 was about 64￠/
lb or $1.40/kg. | | 使用 | Aluminum is a very versatile metal with many uses in today’s economy, the most common ofwhich are in construction, in the aviation-space industries, and in the home and automobile industries.Its natural softness is overcome by alloying it with small amounts of copper or magnesium thatgreatly increase its strength. It is used to make cans for food and drinks, in pyrotechnics, for protectivecoatings, to resist corrosion, to manufacture die-cast auto engine blocks and parts, for homecooking utensils and foil, for incendiary bombs, and for all types of alloys with other metals.
Aluminum does not conduct electricity as well as copper, but because it is much lighter inweight, it is used for transmission lines, though not in household wiring. A thin coating ofaluminum is spread on glass to make noncorroding mirrors. Pure oxide crystals of aluminumare known as corundum, which is a hard, white crystal and one of the hardest substancesknown. Corundum finds many uses in industry as an abrasive for sandpaper and grindingwheels. This material also resists heat and is used for lining high-temperature ovens, to formthe white insulating part of spark plugs, and to form a protective coating on many electronicdevices such a transistors.Aluminum oxide is used to make synthetic rubies and sapphires for lasers beams. It hasmany pharmaceutical uses, including ointments, toothpaste, deodorants, and shaving creams. | | 使用 | Aluminum finds wide applications for industrialand domestic purposes. Fine powder isused in explosives, in fireworks, as flashlightsin photography, and in aluminumpaints. It is commonly used in alloys withother metals and is nonhazardous as alloys. | | 使用 | As pure metal or alloys (magnalium, aluminum bronze, etc.) for structural material in construction, automotive, electrical and aircraft industries. In cooking utensils, highway signs, fencing, containers and packaging, foil, machinery, corrosion resistant chemical equipment, dental alloys. The coarse powder in aluminothermics (thermite process); the fine powder as flashlight in photography; in explosives, fireworks, paints; for absorbing occluded gases in manufacture of steel. In testing for Au, As, Hg; coagulating colloidal solutions of As or Sb; pptg Cu; reducer for determining nitrates and nitrites; instead of Zn for generating hydrogen in testing for As. Forms complex hydrides with lithium and boron, such as LiAlH4, which are used in preparative organic chemistry. | | 調製方法 | Aluminum production involves four main steps: bauxite
mining,refining of bauxite to yield alumina; electrolytic
reduction of alumina to yield aluminum; and aluminum
casting into ingots. | | 定義 | aluminium: Symbol Al. A silverywhitelustrous metallic element belongingto group 3 (formerly IIIB) ofthe periodic table; a.n. 13; r.a.m.26.98; r.d. 2.7; m.p. 660°C; b.p.2467°C. The metal itself is highly reactivebut is protected by a thintransparent layer of the oxide, whichforms quickly in air. Aluminium andits oxide are amphoteric. The metalis extracted from purified bauxite(Al2O3) by electrolysis; the mainprocess uses a Hall–Heroult cell butother electrolytic methods are underdevelopment, including conversionof bauxite with chlorine and electrolysisof the molten chloride. Pure aluminiumis soft and ductile but itsstrength can be increased by workhardening.A large number of alloysare manufactured; alloying elementsinclude copper, manganese, silicon,zinc, and magnesium. Its lightness,strength (when alloyed), corrosion resistance,and electrical conductivity(62% of that of copper) make it suitablefor a variety of uses, includingvehicle and aircraft construction,building (window and door frames),and overhead power cables. Althoughit is the third most abundantelement in the earth’s crust (8.1% byweight) it was not isolated until 1825by H. C. Oersted. | | 一般的な説明 | Aluminum metal held above melting point of 1220°F (660°C) for ease in handling. Cools and solidifies if released. Contact causes thermal burns. Plastic or rubber may melt or lose strength upon contact. Protective equipment designed for chemical exposure only is not effective against direct contact. Take care walking on the surface of a spill to avoid stepping into a pocket of molten aluminum below the crust. Do not attempt to remove aluminum impregnated clothing because of the danger of tearing flesh if there has been a burn. | | 空気と水の反応 | Violent reaction with water; contact may cause an explosion or may produce a flammable gas (hydrogen). Moist air produces hydrogen gas. Does not burn on exposure to air. | | 反応プロフィール | ALUMINUM , MOLTEN, is a reducing agent. Coating moderates or greatly moderates its chemical reactivity compared to the uncoated material. Reacts exothermically if mixed with metal oxides and heated (thermite process). Heating a mixture with copper oxides caused a strong explosion [Mellor 5:217-19 1946-47]. Reacts with metal salts, mercury and mercury compounds, nitrates, sulfates, halogens, and halogenated hydrocarbons to form compounds that are sensitive to mechanical shock [Handling Chemicals Safely 1980. p. 135]. A number of explosions in which ammonium nitrate and powdered aluminum were mixed with carbon or hydrocarbons, with or without oxidizing agents, have occurred [Mellor 5:219 1946-47]. A mixture with powdered ammonium persulfate and water may explode [NFPA 491M 1991]. Heating a mixture with bismuth trioxide leads to an explosively violent reaction [Mellor 9:649 (1946-47)]. Mixtures with finely divided bromates(also chlorates and iodates) of barium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium or zinc can explode by heat, percussion, and friction, [Mellor 2:310 (1946-47]. Burns in the vapor of carbon disulfide, sulfur dioxide, sulfur dichloride, nitrous oxide, nitric oxide, or nitrogen peroxide, [Mellor 5:209-212,1946-47]. A mixture with carbon tetrachloride exploded when heated to 153° C and also by impact, [Chem. Eng. News 32:258 (1954)]; [UL Bull. Research 34 (1945], [ASESB Pot. Incid. 39 (1968)]. Mixing with chlorine trifluoride in the presence of carbon results in a violent reaction [Mellor 2 Supp. 1: 1956]. Ignites in close contact with iodine. Three industrial explosions involving a photoflash composition containing potassium perchlorate with aluminum and magnesium powder have occurred [ACS 146:210 1945], [NFPA 491M 1991]. Is attacked by methyl chloride in the presence of small amounts of aluminum chloride to give flammable aluminum trimethyl. Give a detonable mixture with liquid oxygen [NFPA 491M 1991]. The reaction with silver chloride, once started, proceeds with explosive violence [Mellor 3:402 1946-47]. In an industrial accident, the accidental addition of water to a solid mixture of sodium hydrosulfite and powdered aluminum caused the generation of SO2, heat and more water. The aluminum powder reacted with water and other reactants to generate more heat, leading to an explosion that killed five workers [Case Study, Accident Investigation: Napp Technologies, 14th International Hazardous Material Spills Conference]. | | 危険性 | Aluminum dust and fine powder are highly explosive and can spontaneously burst intoflames in air. When treated with acids, aluminum chips and coarse powder release hydrogen.The heat from the chemical reaction can then cause the hydrogen to burn or explode. Purealuminum foil or sheet metal can burn in air when exposed to a hot enough flame. Fumesfrom aluminum welding are toxic if inhaled. | | 健康ハザード | Exposures to aluminum metallic powder have been known to cause health effects with
symptoms such as irritation, redness, and pain to the eyes, coughing, shortness of breath,
irritation to the respiratory tract, nausea, and vomiting in extreme cases. In prolonged
periods of inhalation exposures, as in occupational situations, aluminum metallic powder
is known to cause pulmonary fi brosis, numbness in fi ngers, and (in limited cases) brain
effects. Workers with pre-existing skin disorders, eye problems, or impaired respiratory
function are known to be more susceptible to the effects of aluminum metallic powder. | | 火災危険 | Substance is transported in molten form at a temperature above 705°C (1300°F). Violent reaction with water; contact may cause an explosion or may produce a flammable gas. Will ignite combustible materials (wood, paper, oil, debris, etc.). Contact with nitrates or other oxidizers may cause an explosion. Contact with containers or other materials, including cold, wet or dirty tools, may cause an explosion. Contact with concrete will cause spalling and small pops. | | 农业用途 | Aluminum, the third most abundant element in the earth’s
crust, is a silvery-white lustrous metal belonging to
Group 13 of the Periodic Table. The metal is
highly reactive and is protected by a thick transparent
oxide layer that gets formed quickly in air. Aluminum
and its oxides are amphoteric.
Pure aluminum, which exists in a large number of
alloys, is extracted from purified bauxite by electrolysis.
Its lightness, strength (when alloyed), corrosion
resistance and electrical conductivity make aluminum
suitable for a variety of uses, including in the
construction of vehicles, aircrafts, buildings and
overhead power cables.
Aluminum (Al) is an important soil constituent. It is
toxic to most plants at a soil pH below 6.0.
Aluminum ion forms octahedral coordination with
water molecules and hydroxyl ions. If soil is not strongly
acidic, one (or more) of the water molecules ionizes,
releasing the hydrogen ion (H+)in to the solution and
increasing the soil acidity.
The toxic level of soluble and exchangeable
aluminum can be substantially reduced by first raising the
soil pH in the range of 5.2 to 5.5 and by further liming to
make it in the range of 6.0 to 6.5.
In acidic soils, aluminum may compete for uptake
with copper and make the soil copper deficient.
Molybdenum is adsorbed strongly by oxides of
aluminum and iron, thereby making the molybdenum
unavailable to plants. Increasing aluminum in the soil
solution also restricts the uptake of calcium and
magnesium by plants.
Aluminum ions are toxic to the roots of many plants
such as cotton, tomato, alfalfa, celery, barley, corn,
sorghum, and sugar beets. Aluminum toxicity is
probably the most important growth limiting factor in
many acid soils.
The symptoms of aluminum toxicity caused
by excess soluble aluminum are not easily recognize
in crop plants. White-yellow interveinal blotches
form on leaves causing them to dry out and die.
Aluminum toxicity also reduces the growth of both shoots
and roots.
An excess of aluminum interferes with cell division in
plant roots, inhibits nodule initiation (by fixing the soil
phosphorus to forms that are less available to plant roots),
and decreases root respiration. Aluminum interferes with
enzymes controlling the deposition of polysaccharides in
cell walls and increases cell wall rigidity by cross-linking
with pectins. It reduces the uptake, transport, and use of
nutrients and water by the plant.
Aluminum-injured roots are characteristically stubby
and brittle. The root tips and lateral roots thicken and
turn brown. The root system as a whole, appears
coralline, with many stubby lateral roots but no fine
branching.
The toxicity problem of aluminum is not
economically correctable with conventional liming
practices. A genetic approach has the potential to solve
the problem of aluminum toxicity in acid soils. | | 工業用途 | Alloying aluminum with various elementsmarkedly improves mechanical properties,strength primarily, at only a slight sacrifice indensity, thus increasing specific strength, orstrength-to-weight ratio. Traditionally, wroughtalloys have been produced by thermomechanicallyprocessing cast ingot into mill productssuch as billet, bar, plate, sheet, extrusions, andwire. For some alloys, however, such mill productsare now made by similarly processing“ingot” consolidated from powder. Such alloysare called PM (powder metal) wrought alloysor simply PM alloys. To distinguish the traditionaltype from these, they are now sometimesreferred to as ingot-metallurgy (IM) alloys oringot-cast alloys. Another class of PM alloysare those used to make PM parts by pressingand sintering the powder to near-net shape.There are also many cast alloys. All told, thereare about 100 commercial aluminum alloys. | | 安全性プロファイル | Although aluminum is not generally regarded as an industrial poison, inhalation of finely dwided powder has been reported to cause pulmonary fibrosis. It is a reactive metal and the greatest industrial hazards are with chemical reactions. As with other metals the powder and dust are the most dangerous forms. Dust is moderately flammable and explosive by heat, flame, or chemical reaction with powerful oxidizers. To fight fire, use special mixtures of dry chemical.
following dangerous interactions: explosive reaction after a delay period with KClO4 + Ba(NO3)2 + mo3 + H20, also with Ba(NO3)2 + mo3 + sulfur + vegetable adhesives + H2O. Wxtures with powdered AgCl, NH4NO3 or NH4NO3 + Ca(NO3)2 + formamide + H20 are powerful explosives. Murture with ammonium peroxodisulfate + water is explosive. Violent or explosive "thermite" reaction when heated with metal oxides, oxosalts (nitrates, sulfates), or sulfides, and with hot copper oxide worked with an iron or steel tool. Potentially explosive reaction with ccl4 during ball milling operations. Many violent or explosive reactions with the following halocarbons have occurred in industry: bromomethane, bromotrifluoromethane, ccl4, chlorodfluoromethane, chloroform, chloromethane, chloromethane + 2methylpropane, dchlorodifluoromethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, dichloromethane, 1,2dichloropropane, 1,2-difluorotetrafluoroethane, fluorotrichloroethane, hexachloroethane + alcohol, polytrifluoroethylene oils and greases, tetrachloroethylene, tetrafluoromethane, 1,1,1trichloroethane, trichloroethylene, 1,1,2trichlorotrifluoro-ethane, and trichlorotrifluoroethane-dchlorobenzene. Potentially explosive reaction with chloroform amidinium nitrate. Ignites on contact with vapors of AsCl3, SC4, Se2Cl2, and PCl5. Reacts violently on heating with Sb or As. Ignites on heating in SbCl3 vapor. Ignites on contact with barium peroxide. Potentially violent reaction with sodium acetylide. Mixture with sodum peroxide may ignite or react violently. Spontaneously igmtes in CS2 vapor. Halogens: ignites in Powdered aluminum undergoes the
chlorine gas, foil reacts vigorously with liquid Br2, violent reaction with H20 + 12. Violent reaction with hydrochloric acid, hydro-fluoric acid, and hydrogen chloride gas. Violent reaction with disulfur dbromide. Violent reaction with the nonmetals phosphorus, sulfur, and selenium. Violent reaction or ignition with the interhalogens: bromine pentafluoride, chlorine fluoride, iodne chloride, iodine pentafluoride, and iodne heptafluoride. Burns when heated in CO2. Ignites on contact with O2, and mixtures with O2 + H20 ignite and react violently. Mixture with picric acid + water ignites after a delay period. Explosive reaction above 800°C with sodium sulfate. Violent reaction with sulfur when heated. Exothermic reaction with iron powder + water releases explosive hydrogen gas. Aluminum powder also forms sensitive explosive mixtures with oxidants such as: liquid Cl2 and other halogens, N2O4, tetranitromethane, bromates, iodates, NaClO3, KClO3, and other chlorates, NaNO3, aqueous nitrates, KClO4 and other perchlorate salts, nitryl fluoride, ammonium peroxodisulfate, sodium peroxide, zinc peroxide, and other peroxides, red phosphorus, and powdered polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).
following dangerous interactions: exothermic reaction with butanol, methanol, 2-propanol, or other alcohols, sodium hydroxide to release explosive hydrogen gas. Reaction with dborane forms pyrophoric product. Ignition on contact with niobium oxide + sulfur. Explosive reaction with molten metal oxides, oxosalts (nitrates, sulfates), sulfides, and sodium carbonate. Reaction with arsenic trioxide + sodum arsenate + sodium hydroxide produces the toxic arsine gas. Violent reaction with chlorine trifluoride. Incandescent reaction with formic acid. Potentially violent alloy formation with palladium, platinum at mp of Al, 600℃. Vigorous dssolution reaction in Bulk aluminum may undergo the
ALUMINUM CHLORIDE HYDROXIDE AHAOOO 45
methanol + carbon tetrachloride. Vigorous amalgamation reaction with mercury(Ⅱ) salts + moisture. Violent reaction with molten silicon steels. Violent exothermic reaction above 600℃ with sodium diuranate. | | 職業ばく露 | Most hazardous exposures to aluminum occur in smelting and refining processes. Aluminum is mostly produced by electrolysis of Al2O3 dissolved in molten cryolite (Na3AlF6). Aluminum is alloyed with copper, zinc, silicon, magnesium, manganese, and nickel; special additives may include chromium, lead, bismuth, titanium, zirconium, and vanadium. Aluminum and its alloys can be extruded or processed in rolling mills, wire works, forges, or foundries; and are used in the shipbuilding, electrical, building, aircraft, automobile, light engineering, and jewelry industries. Aluminum foil is widely used in packaging. Powdered aluminum is used in the paints and pyrotechnic industries. Alumina, emery, and corundum has been used for abrasives, refractories, and catalysts; and in the past in the first firing of china and pottery. | | 発がん性 | Most animal studies have failed to demonstrate carcinogenicity
attributable to aluminum administered by various
routes in rats, rabbits, mice, and guinea pigs. Some of
these studies even suggested some antitumor activity.
However, aluminum was found to cause cancer in a few
experimental studies such as sarcomas in rats when
implanted subcutaneously. This observation was attributed
to the dimensions of the implants rather than the
chemical composition.
Significantly increased incidence of gross tumors was
reported in male Long Evans rats and lymphoma leukemia
in female Swiss mice given aluminum potassium sulfate in
drinking water respectively for 2–2.5 years. A
dose–response relationship could not be determined for
either species because only one dose of aluminum was
used and the type of tumors and organs in which they
were found were not specified. | | 環境運命予測 | Aluminum binds diatomic phosphates and possibly depletes
phosphate, which can lead to osteomalacia. High aluminum
serum values and high aluminum concentration in the bone
interfere with the function of vitamin D. The incorporation of
aluminum in the bone may interfere with deposition of
calcium; the subsequent increase of calcium in the blood may
inhibit release of parathyroid hormones by the parathyroid
gland. The mechanism by which aluminum concentrates in the
brain is not known; it may interfere with the blood brain barrier. | | 貯蔵 | Aluminum metallic powder should be kept stored in a tightly closed container, in a cool, dry, ventilated area, protected against physical damage and isolated from sources of heat, ignition, smoking areas, and moisture. Aluminum metallic powder should be kept away from acidic, alkaline, combustible, and oxidizing materials and separate from halogenated compounds. | | 輸送方法 | UN1309 Aluminum powder, coated, Hazard Class: 4.1; Labels: 4.1-Flammable solid. UN1383 Pyrophoric metals, n.o.s. or Pyrophoric alloys, n.o.s., Hazard Class: 4.2; Labels: 4.2-Spontaneously combustible material, Technical Name Required. UN1396 Aluminum powder, uncoated, Hazard Class: 4.3; Labels: 4.3-Dangerous when wet material. NA9260 (North America) Aluminum, molten, Hazard class: 9; Labels: 9-Miscellaneous hazardous material. | | Toxicity evaluation | Aluminum cannot be degraded in the environment in its
elemental state, but can undergo various precipitation or
ligand exchange reactions. The solubility of aluminum in the
environment depends on the ligands present and the pH.
Long-range transport
The major feature cycle of aluminum include leaching of
aluminum from geochemical formations and soil particulates
to aqueous environments, adsorption onto soil or
sediment particulates, and wet and dry deposition from the
air to land and surface water.
Bioaccumulation and biomagnification
Aluminum does not bioaccumulate to a significant extent.
Thus, certain plants can accumulate high concentrations of
aluminum. Plant matter like tea leaves may contain
>5000 mg kg-1 of aluminum. Lycopodium, some fern
species, and members of genera Symplocos or Orites may
contain high levels of aluminum. It does not appear to
accumulate to any significant degree in cow’s milk or beef
tissue, and it is therefore not expected to undergo
biomagnification in terrestrial food chains. | | Structure and conformation | The space lattice of Al belongs to the cubic system, and its face centered cubic lattice has a lattice constant of a=0.404145 nm (25 ℃).
| | 不和合性 | Aluminum powder forms an explosive mixture with air and is a strong reducing agent that reacts violently with oxidizers, strong bases; strong acids; somehalogenated hydrocarbons; nitrates, sulfates, metal oxides and many other substances. Keep away from combustible materials. | | 廃棄物の処理 | Consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposalpractices. Generators of waste containing this contaminant (≥100 kg/mo) must conform with EPA regulations governing storage, transportation, treatment, and waste disposal of Aluminum Oxide-Disposal in a sanitary landfill. Mixing of industrial process wastes and municipal wastes at such sites is not encouraged however. Aluminum powder may be recovered and sold as scrap. Recycling and recovery is a viable option to disposal for aluminum metal and aluminum fluoride (A-57). | | 予防処置 | The dry powder is stable but the damp or moist bulk dust may heat spontaneously and
form flammable hydrogen gas. Moist aluminum powder may ignite in air, with the formation of flammable hydrogen gas and a combustible dust. Powdered material may form
explosive dust-air mixtures. Contact with water, strong acids, strong bases, or alcohols
releases flammable hydrogen gas. The dry powder can react violently or explosively with
many inorganic and organic chemicals |
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