Glycogen synthase kinase 3 promotes the proliferation of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus by phosphorylating the nucleocapsid protein

Abstract

Porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) is a highly pathogenic porcine enteric coronavirus that causes severe watery diarrhoea and mortality in piglets. The nucleocapsid protein (N) is the most abundant viral protein and is highly phosphorylated, with the phosphorylation level directly affecting infection and proliferation. Here, we characterized the phosphorylation level of the N protein and found that its SR (Ser and Arg) motif was highly phosphorylated. The phosphorylation level significantly decreased after mutation of threonine (Thr) to serine (Ser). Through screening, it was determined that GSK3α/β plays a major role in phosphorylating the SR motif. Using GSK3α/β inhibitors or directly knocking out the GSK3α/β gene significantly inhibit PEDV proliferation. Finally, we used yeast recombination technology to develop a reverse genetics system for assessing PEDV and confirmed that no differences existed between the wild-type strain and the rescued virus. Using this platform, we generated a PEDV N protein SR motif mutant strain. We found that, compared to the wild-type strain, the proliferation of the mutant strain was significantly weakened, confirming that the phosphorylation of the SR motif is crucial for PEDV proliferation. In summary, we verified the phosphorylation sites of the PEDV N protein and the associated protein kinases, providing new insights into the development of relevant therapeutic strategies.