Phenytoin Chemische Eigenschaften,Einsatz,Produktion Methoden
R-Sätze Betriebsanweisung:
R45:Kann Krebs erzeugen.
R61:Kann das Kind im Mutterleib schädigen.
R22:Gesundheitsschädlich beim Verschlucken.
R63:Kann das Kind im Mutterleib möglicherweise schädigen.
R40:Verdacht auf krebserzeugende Wirkung.
R39/23/24/25:Giftig: ernste Gefahr irreversiblen Schadens durch Einatmen, Berührung mit der Haut und durch Verschlucken.
R23/24/25:Giftig beim Einatmen, Verschlucken und Berührung mit der Haut.
R11:Leichtentzündlich.
R20/21/22:Gesundheitsschädlich beim Einatmen,Verschlucken und Berührung mit der Haut.
S-Sätze Betriebsanweisung:
S53:Exposition vermeiden - vor Gebrauch besondere Anweisungen einholen.
S45:Bei Unfall oder Unwohlsein sofort Arzt zuziehen (wenn möglich, dieses Etikett vorzeigen).
S36/37:Bei der Arbeit geeignete Schutzhandschuhe und Schutzkleidung tragen.
S16:Von Zündquellen fernhalten - Nicht rauchen.
S7:Behälter dicht geschlossen halten.
Beschreibung
The drug was first approved for the treatment of epilepsy by the
Food and Drug Administration in 1953 and marketed by
Parke-Davis as Dilantin. Its primary mechanism of action
appears to block voltage-sensitive sodium channels in the brain
(especially in the motor cortex), producing a delay in electrical
recovery in neurons and stabilizing the threshold against
hyperexcitability.
Chemische Eigenschaften
white crystals or powder
Verwenden
5,5-Diphenylhydantoin has been used for phenytoin treatment. It has also been used to slow down or prevent mesoendoderm cell migration.
Definition
ChEBI: A imidazolidine-2,4-dione that consists of hydantoin bearing two phenyl substituents at position 5.
Allgemeine Beschreibung
Fine white or almost white crystalline powder. Odorless or almost odorless. Tasteless.
Air & Water Reaktionen
Insoluble in water.
Reaktivität anzeigen
5,5-Diphenylhydantoin is an amide. Amides/imides react with azo and diazo compounds to generate toxic gases. Flammable gases are formed by the reaction of organic amides/imides with strong reducing agents. Amides are very weak bases (weaker than water). Imides are less basic yet and in fact react with strong bases to form salts. That is, they can react as acids. Mixing amides with dehydrating agents such as P2O5 or SOCl2 generates the corresponding nitrile. The combustion of these compounds generates mixed oxides of nitrogen (NOx). 5,5-Diphenylhydantoin is incompatible with strong oxidizers and strong bases.
Brandgefahr
Flash point data for 5,5-Diphenylhydantoin are not available; however, 5,5-Diphenylhydantoin is probably combustible.
Mechanism of action
Phenytoin is indicated for initial monotherapy or adjunct treatment of complex partial or tonic-clonic seizures, convulsive status
epilepticus, and prophylaxis. It often is selected for initial monotherapy because of its high efficacy and relatively low incidence
of side effects. Phenytoin is not used in the treatment of absence seizures, because it may increase their frequency of
occurrence. Phenytoin binds to and stabilizes the inactivated state of sodium channels, thus producing a
use-dependent blockade of repetitive firing and inhibition of the spread of seizure activity to adjacent cortical areas.
Pharmakologie
In terms of its effect on the CNS, phenytoin is considered an excellent antiepileptic drug
with insignificant sedative effects. Even in large doses it does not cause hypnosis. It is presumed that phenytoin facilitates secretion of sodium ions from nerve cells, which reduces
the stimulation of neurons. This in turn prevents the activation of neurons upon receiving
impulses from the epileptogenic center. In addition, phenytoin reduces the incoming flow
of potassium ions during repolarization. It is possible that phenytoin significantly slows the
distribution of excitation in the brain as a direct result of the redistribution of the ion flow.
Clinical Use
Phenytoin (Dilantin) was originally introduced for the
control of convulsive disorders but has
now also been shown to be effective in the treatment of
cardiac arrhythmias. Phenytoin appears to be particularly
effective in treating ventricular arrhythmias in children.
Phenytoin, like lidocaine, is more effective in the treatment
of ventricular than supraventricular arrhythmias.
It is particularly effective in treating ventricular arrhythmias
associated with digitalis toxicity, acute myocardial
infarction, open-heart surgery, anesthesia, cardiac
catheterization, cardioversion, and angiographic
studies.
Phenytoin finds its most effective use in the treatment
of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias
associated with digitalis intoxication. The ability of
phenytoin to improve digitalis-induced depression of
A-V conduction is a special feature that contrasts with
the actions of other antiarrhythmic agents.
Nebenwirkungen
The most common side effect in children receiving
long-term therapy is gingival hyperplasia, or overgrowth
of the gums (occurs in up to 50% of patients).
Although the condition is not serious, it is a cosmetic
problem and can be very embarrassing to the patient.
Hirsutism also is an annoying side effect of phenytoin,
particularly in young females. Thickening of subcutaneous
tissue, coarsening of facial features, and enlargement
of lips and nose (hydantoin facies) are often seen
in patients receiving long-term phenytoin therapy.
Peripheral neuropathy and chronic cerebellar degeneration
have been reported, but they are rare.
There is evidence that phenytoin is teratogenic in
humans, but the mechanism is not clear. However, it is
known that phenytoin can produce a folate deficiency,
and folate deficiency is associated with teratogenesis.
Only a few well-documented drug combinations
with phenytoin may necessitate dosage adjustment.
Coadministration of the following drugs can result in
elevations of plasma phenytoin levels in most patients:
cimetidine, chloramphenicol, disulfiram, sulthiame, and
isoniazid (in slow acetylators). Phenytoin often causes a
decline in plasma carbamazepine levels if these two
drugs are given concomitantly.
Ethotoin and mephenytoin are congeners of phenytoin
that are marketed as AEDs in the United States.
They are not widely used.
Sicherheitsprofil
Confirmed carcinogen
producing lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease,
tumors of the skin and appendages.
Experimental carcinogenic and tumorigenic
data. A human poison by ingestion. Poison
experimentally by ingestion, subcutaneous,
intravenous, and intraperitoneal routes.
Moderately toxic by an unspecified route.
Experimental teratogenic and reproductive
effects. Human systemic effects by
ingestion: dermatitis, change in motor
activity (specific assay), ataxia (loss of
muscle coordmation), degenerative brain
changes, encephalitis, hallucinations,
dtstorted perceptions, irritabihty, and jaundice. Human teratogenic effects by
ingestion: developmental abnormalities of
the central nervous system, carlovascular
(circulatory) system, musculoskeletal system,
craniofacial area, skin and skin appendages,
eye, ear, other developmental abnormalities.
Effects on newborn include abnormal
growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain),
physical abnormakties, other postnatal
measures or effects, and delayed effects.
Human mutation data reported. A drug for
the treatment of grand mal and
psychomotor seizures. When heated to
decomposition it emits toxic fumes of NOx
mögliche Exposition
Phenytoin is an amide pharmaceutical used in the treatment of grand mal epilepsy, Parkinson’s syndrome; and in veterinary medicine. Human exposure to phenytoin occurs principally during its use as a drug. Figures on the number of patients using phenytoin are not available, but phenytoin is given to a major segment of those individuals with epilepsy. The oral dose rate is initially 100 mg given 3 times per day and can gradually increase by 100 mg every 24 weeks until the desired therapeutic response is obtained. The intravenous dose is 200350 mg/day.
Arzneimittelwechselwirkung
Plasma phenytoin concentrations are increased in the
presence of chloramphenicol, disulfiram, and isoniazid,
since the latter drugs inhibit the hepatic metabolism of
phenytoin. A reduction in phenytoin dose can alleviate
the consequences of these drug–drug interactions.
Carcinogenicity
Phenytoin and its sodium salt are reasonably anticipated to be human carcinogens based on sufficient evidence from studies in experimental animals.
Environmental Fate
Routes and Pathways
Exposure is usually oral, but the intravenous route may be used
to treat status epilepticus.
Relevant Physicochemical Properties
Appearance: clear, colorless, or slightly yellow in solution
Solubility: ethyl alcohol
Solubility in water
practically insoluble in water. 1 g dissolves in about 75 ml of ethanol or 30 ml of acetone.
Versand/Shipping
UN2811 Toxic solids, organic, n.o.s., Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials, Technical Name Required. UN3249 Medicine, solid, toxic, n.o.s., Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials.
läuterung methode
Crystallise the hydantoin from EtOH. [Beilstein 24 III/IV 1748.]
Inkompatibilitäten
Incompatible with oxidizers (chlorates, nitrates, peroxides, permanganates, perchlorates, chlorine, bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact may cause fires or explosions. Keep away from alkaline materials, strong bases, strong acids, oxoacids, epoxides. Similar organic amides react with azo and diazo compounds, releasing toxic gases. Contact with reducing agents can release flammable gases. Amides are very weak bases but they can react as acids, forming salts. Mixing amides with dehydrating agents such as phosphorus pentoxide or thionyl chloride generates the corresponding nitrile.
Vorsichtsmaßnahmen
Phenytoin either should not be used or should be used
cautiously in patients with hypotension, severe bradycardia,
high-grade A-V block, severe heart failure, or
hypersensitivity to the drug.
Because of the increase in A-V transmission observed
with phenytoin administration, it should not be
given to patients with atrial flutter or atrial fibrillation.
Phenytoin will probably not restore normal sinus
rhythm and may dangerously accelerate the ventricular
rate.
Phenytoin Upstream-Materialien And Downstream Produkte
Upstream-Materialien
Downstream Produkte
2,4,6-Trifluorophenol
4,5-dihydroxy-4,5-diphenylimidazolidin-2-one
1-Imidazolidineacetic acid, 2,5-dioxo-4,4-diphenyl-, ethyl ester
3a,6a-Diphenyloctahydroimidazo[4,5-d]imidazole-2,5-dione
2-Imino-1-methylimidazolidin-4-on
1,3-dibromo-5,5-diphenylimidazolidine-2,4-dione
