硝酸カリウム

硝酸カリウム 化学特性,用途語,生産方法

外観

無色の柱状結晶又は白色の結晶性の粉末

定義

本品は、硝酸のカリウム塩であり、次の化学式で表される。

性質

1. 物理的特性

硝酸カリウムの融点は333～334℃、沸点 (分解温度) が400℃で、密度／相対密度が2.1です。熱水によく溶けて水溶液は中性を示しますが、水の温度が下がるにつれ溶けにくくなります。硝酸カリウムは、無水アルコールには難溶ですがには可溶といった性質ももちます。

2. その他の特徴

融点である339℃以上に熱すると、酸素を出してに変化します。また、強力な酸化剤であるため他の有機化合物と反応すると爆発する可能性があります。カリウムの炎色反応を示すため、可燃物と混合して燃焼させると、ピンクから紫色の炎を上げます。

溶解性

水に溶けやすく、エタノールに溶けにくい。水:26%(15℃)可溶。

解説

天然には硝石として産出する．カリウムの炭酸塩または水酸化物に硝酸を作用させて濃縮すると得られる硝酸カリウム．硝酸カリウム，無色の斜方晶系柱状晶．密度2.11 g cm－3．129 ℃ で三方晶系に転移する．融点339 ℃．400 ℃ 以上に強熱すると亜硝酸カリウムとなる．水に易溶，エタノールに微溶．硝石という名前で黒色火薬の主成分である．また，マッチや花火(赤紫色)の製造，焼入れ熱処理剤，ガラス，窯業，寒剤，食品添加物，医薬品，分析試薬，肥料などにも用いられる．
森北出版「化学辞典（第2版）

用途

分析試料前処理(酸化)剤、助燃剤、医薬品原料。

用途

1) 黒色火薬、マッチ、花火などの火工品の製造。2) ガラス、ウワグスリの原料、ガラスの清澄剤。3) 熱処理剤。4) 寒剤および肉類の肉色固定剤。5) 酸化剤。6) 医薬用。7)分析試薬。

製法

天然には硝石として産出するが、その量はあまり多くないので、需要の大部分は工業的に製造されたものでまかなわれる。

構造

硝酸カリウムはカリウムカチオンのK⁺と硝酸アニオンNO₃^- から構成されており、結晶は室温で斜方晶系柱状晶となります。硝酸カリウムの結晶は、128°Cで三方晶系に変化し、200°Cから冷却すると、124°Cから100°Cの間で別の三方晶相が形成されます。硝酸カリウムの室温構造では、各カリウムイオンは6つの硝酸イオンに、各硝酸イオンは6つのカリウムイオンにそれぞれ囲まれています。

化粧品の成分用途

pH調整剤、口腔ケア剤

効能

歯保護薬

説明

Potassium nitrate is a solid, colorless, crystalline ionic compound that exists as the mineral niter.Potassium nitrate is also known as saltpeter. The name saltpeter comes from the Latin sal petrae, meaning salt of stone or salt of Petra. he term saltpeter or Chilean saltpeter is also used for sodium nitrate, NaNO3.

化学的特性

Potassium nitrate is an odorless, flammable, water-soluble, white or colorless crystals with saline taste that melt at 337°C. Used in pyrotechnics, explosives, and matches, as a fertilizer, and as an analytical reagent.

物理的性質

Colorless transparent crystals or white granular or crystalline powder;rhombohedral structure; density 2.11 g/cm³at 20°C; melts at 334°C; decomposes at 400°C evolving oxygen; soluble in cold water, 13.3 g/100mL at 0°C;highly soluble in boiling water, 247 g/100mL at 100°C; lowers the temperature of water on dissolution; very slightly soluble in ethanol; soluble in glycerol and liquid ammonia.

来歴

Saltpeter’s most prominent use in human history is as the principal ingredient in gunpowder.The potassium nitrate used in gunpowder was originally obtained from natural mineral deposits of niter. Small quantities formed as efflorescence deposits on damp stone walls were identified as early as 2000 b.c.e. in Sumerian writings. As the use of black powder expanded with the development of weapons, the demand for saltpeter exceeded supply. This was exacerbated during times of war. To meet the demand for saltpeter to produce black powder, a saltpeter industry developed that followed prescribed methods to produce large quantities of saltpeter. The method depended on processing dirt obtained from areas where nitrates would naturally form. These were areas in which animal waste had accumulated such as the dirt floors of barns, stables, herding pens, caves, or cellars. The ammonia compounds in the urine and fecal wastes in these areas underwent nitrifi cation to produce nitrates, which combined with potassium in the soil to form saltpeter.

使用

Potassium Nitrate is a preservative and color fixative in meats which exists as colorless prisms or white granules or powder. it has a solubility of 1 g in 3 ml of water at 25°c. see nitrate.

定義

ChEBI: The inorganic nitrate salt of potassium.

調製方法

Potassium nitrate may be produced by several methods. It is made commercially by reacting potassium chloride with nitric acid at high temperature.Nitrosyl chloride, a product obtained in the reaction, is converted into chlorine in this manufacturing process. Also, nitric acid is partly recycled in the process. The reactions are (Dancy, W.B. 1981. Potassium Compounds. In Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 3^rd. ed. Pp. 939-42. New York: Wiley Interscience):
3KCl + 4HNO₃ →3KNO₃+ Cl₂+ NOCl + 2H₂O
2NOCl + 4HNO₃→6NO₂+ Cl₂+ 2H₂O
4NO₂+ O₂+ 2H₂O →4HNO₃
Potassium nitrate also can be prepared by mixing a hot saturated solution of potassium chloride and sodium nitrate. The reaction is:
K++ Clˉ+ Na++ NO₃ˉ→NaCl↓+ K++ NO₃ˉ
Sodium chloride is less soluble than KCl, NaNo₃and KNo₃. It separates out by crystallization. The remaining solution is cooled to ambient tempera-ture. Potassium nitrate crystallizes out.

世界保健機関（WHO）

Potassium nitrate was formerly used as a diuretic. Its use for this purpose is now considered obsolete but it is still available in at least one country for the correction of potassium deficiency. It is aslo widely permitted at concentrations of the order of 5% in proprietary toothpastes. In some countries the drug has been banned due to a potential carcinogenic risk arising from the excessive use of nitrates and their transformation to nitrosamines.

一般的な説明

A white to dirty gray crystalline solid. Water soluble. Noncombustible, but accelerates the burning of combustible materials. If large quantities are involved in fire or the combustible material is finely divided an explosion may result. May explode under prolonged exposure to heat or fire. Toxic oxides of nitrogen are produced in fires. Used in solid propellants, explosives, fertilizers.

空気と水の反応

Soluble in water.

反応プロフィール

Potassium nitrate mixed with alkyl esters may explode, owing to the formation of alkyl nitrates; mixtures with phosphorus, tin (II) chloride, or other reducing agents may react explosively [Bretherick 1979. p. 108-109]. Powdered antimony mixed with Potassium nitrate explodes when heated [Mellor 9:282 1946-47]. A mixture of antimony trisulfide and Potassium nitrate explodes at a red heat [Mellor 9:524. 1946-47]. Arsenic disulfide forms explosive mixtures when mixed with Potassium nitrate, [Mellor 9:270.1946-47]. A mixture of sodium acetate and Potassium nitrate may cause an explosion [Pieters 1957. p. 30]. A mixture of Potassium nitrate and sodium hypophosphite constitutes a powerful explosive [Mellor 8:881. 1946-47]. A mixture of powdered zirconium and Potassium nitrate explodes when heated above the melting point [Mellor 7:116. 1946-47].

危険性

Dangerous fire and explosion risk when shocked or heated, or in contact with organic mate- rials, strong oxidizing agent.

健康ハザード

Exposure can cause mild irritation of eyes, nose and throat.

法規情報

毒物及び劇物取締法で指定はありませんが、労働安全衛生法で「危険物・酸化性の物」に指定されており、取り扱いには注意が必要です。消防法では、危険物第1類 (酸化性固体) の硝酸塩類に、水質汚濁防止法で施行令第2条有害物質に指定されています。

取扱いおよび保管上の注意

取扱い及び保管上の注意は、下記の通りです。

• 容器を密栓し、冷暗所に保管する。
• 屋外や換気の良い区域のみで使用する。
• 可燃物と混合すると容易に発火するため、熱や可燃物から遠ざけて使用、保管する。
• 使用時は保護手袋、保護眼鏡を着用する。
• 取扱い後はよく手を洗浄する。
• 皮膚に付着した場合は、石鹸と水で洗い流す。
• 眼に入った場合は、水で数分間注意深く洗う。

参考文献

使用用途

1. 酸化剤

硝酸カリウムは特に「黒色火薬」の酸化剤として古くから使われてきましたが、銃火器向けとしては無煙火薬のコルダイトなどに置き換わっています。

2. 食品添加物

食品分野では「食肉の発色剤および防腐剤」として使われています。また、チーズ製造の際に「発酵調整剤」として使用されることがあります。

3. 肥料

硝酸カリウムは肥料としても幅広く利用されており、と窒素の供給源として水耕栽培などで使用されています。や、その他の植物に有害な成分が含まれておらず、塩化物に敏感な作物には特に必要とされます。

4. その他

他にも「強化ガラス」「医薬品」「太陽光発電などの蓄熱媒体」「釉薬」「熱処理剤」「寒剤」「歯の」など、幅広い用途に使用されています。また、歯の過敏症を抑える目的で歯磨き粉に硝酸カリウムが含まれている場合もあります。

农业用途

Potassium nitrate (KNO3) is a potassium salt of nitric acid, also known as saltpeter or nitrate of potash. It is a white crystalline salt which occurs naturally in nitre or saltpeter. It can be used as fertilizer for normal application and fertigation. Potassium (44% K2O) and nitrogen (13 %) are the constituents of NK fertilizers, which serve as a source of potassium, where extra chloride is not desired.
The agricultural grade of potassium nitrate is freeflowing and non-caking, with a particle size in the range of 1500 to 400 microns.
Potassium nitrate, which is slightly hygroscopic and granulated, can be spread on soil by trucks, fertilizer distributors or by aerial spraying. In a mixed fertilizer, a powdered grade of nitrate of potash does not cake. Potassium nitrate is made by the reaction of potassium chloride with nitric acid as: The nitrate of potash forms an easily breakable crust on top. It is chemically neutral and its nitrogen and potassium oxide ratio is roughly 1:3. It has been used successfully as a source of nitrogen and potassium for tobacco, tomato, potato, corn, citrus and carnations.

工業用途

Potassium nitrate is also called niter and saltpeter,although these usually refer to the nativemineral. A substance of the composition KNO3,it is used in explosives, for bluing steel, and infertilizers. A mixture of potassium nitrate andsodium nitrate is used for steel-tempering baths.The mixture melts at 250°C. Potassium nitrateis made by the action of potassium chloride onsodium nitrate. It occurs in colorless prismaticcrystals, or as a crystalline white powder. It hasa sharp saline taste and is soluble in water. Thespecific gravity is 2.1 and the melting point is337°C.
Potassium nitrate contains a large percentageof oxygen, which is readily given up andis well adapted for pyrotechnic compounds. Itgives a beautiful violet flame in burning. It isused in flares and in signal rockets.
Most enamels contain some oxidizing agentin the form of potassium or sodium nitrate.Only a small amount of nitrate is necessary; 2to 4% is sufficient to maintain oxidizing conditionsin most smelting operations.
In glazes it is sometimes used as a flux inplace of potassium oxide, but, owing to its costand solubility, very little of it is contained inglaze. Where conditions prevent the use of sufficientpotash feldspar, potassium oxide is introducedinto the mix, usually in the form of thenitrate in a frit.
Potassium nitrite is a solid of the compositionKNO₂ used as a rust inhibitor, for theregeneration of heat-transfer salts, and for themanufacture of dyes.

安全性プロファイル

Poison by intravenous route. Moderately toxic by ingestion. An experimental teratogen. Experimental reproductive effects. Mutation data reported. Ingestion of large quantities may cause gastroenteritis. Chronic exposure can cause anemia, nephritis, and methemoglobinemia. When heated, reaction with calcium hydroxide + polychlorinated phenols forms extremely toxic chlorinated benzodtoxins. A powerful oxidizer. Gunpowder is a mixture of potassium nitrate + sulfur + charcoal. Explosive reaction with aluminum + barium nitrate + potassium perchlorate + water (in storage), boron + laminac + trichloroethylene. Forms explosive mixtures with lactose, powdered metals (e.g., titanium, antimony, germanium), metal sulfides (e.g., antimony trisulfide, barium sulfide, calcium sulfide, germanium monosulfide, titanium disulfide, arsenic disulfide, molybdenum disulfide), nonmetals (e.g., boron, carbon, white phosphorus, arsenic), organic materials, phosphides (e.g., copper(l1) phosphide, copper monophosphide), reducing agents (e.g., sodium phosphinate, sodium thiosulfate), sodium acetate. Can react violently under the appropriate conditions with 1,3- bis(trichlorometh~d)benzene, boron phosphde, F2, calcium shcide, charcoal, chromium nitride, Na hypophosphte, ma2O2 + dextrose), red phosphorus, (S + As2S3), thorium dicarbide, trichloroethylene, zinc, zirconium. When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of NOx and K2O. See also NITRATES.

職業ばく露

Used to make explosives, gunpowder, fireworks, rocket fuel; matches, fertilizer, fluxes, glass manufacture; and as a diuretic

輸送方法

UN1486 Potassium nitrate, Hazard Class: 5.1; Labels: 5.1-Oxidizer.

純化方法

It crystallises from hot H2O (0.5mL/g) on cooling (cf KNO2 below). Dry it for 12hours under vacuum at 70o. The solubility in H2O is 13.3% at 0o, 110% at 60o, and 246% at 100o. After two recrystallisations, technical grade salt had <0.001 ppm of metals. The fused salt is a powerful oxidising agent.

不和合性

A powerful oxidizer. Dangerously reactive and friction-and shock-sensitive when mixed with organic materials and many materials. Violent reactions with reducing agents; chemically active metals; charcoal, trichloroethylene.

硝酸カリウム 上流と下流の製品情報

原材料

準備製品

7757-79-1(硝酸カリウム)キーワード:

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• 7757-79-1
• POTASSIUM NITRATE FOR ANALYSIS EMSURE
• POTASSIUM NITRATE 99.995 SUPRAPUR
• PotassiuM nitrate 99.999% trace Metals basis
• Potassiumnitrat
• Potassium nitrate 99.99% trace metals basis
• Potassium nitrate ACS reagent, >=99.0%
• Potassium nitrate puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, reag. ISO, reag. Ph. Eur., >=99%
• Potassium nitrate puriss., meets analytical specification of PhEur, BP, USP, FCC, E252, 99.0-100.5%
• Potassium nitrate ReagentPlus(R), >=99.0%
• FILLING SOLUTION FOR SALT BRIDGES AND DOUBLE-JUNCTION ELECTRODES
• FILLING SOLUTION FOR CYANIDE OR SULFIDE ELECTRODE
• FILLING SOLUTION FOR FLUORIDE ELECTRODE
• POTASSIUM ICP STANDARD, KNO3
• POTASSIUM NITRATE
• POTASSIUM NITRATE, CYANIDE ISE
• NITRATE NITROGEN STANDARD
• NITRIC ACID POTASSIUM SALT
• Filling solution for chloride combination electrode (10% KNO3, trace AgCl, KCl)
• Filling solution for cyanide or sulfide electrode (10% KNO3, trace AgCl, KCl)
• Filling solution for fluoride electrode (17% KNO3, 5% KCl, trace NaCl, AgCl)
• Nitrate Ion standard solution Fluka
• Nitrate solution
• Potassium ion chromatography standard solution Fluka
• Potassium nitrate (99.999%-K) PURATREM
• PotassiumnitrateACSwhitextl
• POTASSIUM NITRATE, A.C.S. REAGENT
• POTASSIUM NITRATE, PH HELV
• FILLING SOLUTION FOR CYANIDE OR SULFIDE&
• POTASSIUM NITRATE, ACS
• POTASSIUM ICP STANDARD SOLUTION FLUKA,FO R ICP
• 硝酸カリウム
• 硝石
• 硝酸Ｋ
• 硝酸イオン標準液
• 硝酸カリウム, 99.99%
• 硝酸性窒素標準液(NO3‐N 100)
• 窒素標準液(NO3‐N 1000)
• 1MOL/L 硝酸カリウム溶液
• NPW用 窒素標準液 N: 1,000MG/L 排水試験用 硝酸カリウム水溶液
• NPW用 窒素標準液 N:10,000MG/L 排水試験用 硝酸カリウム水溶液
• 硝酸カリウム ACS REAGENT,≥99.0%
• 硝酸カリウム PURISS. P.A.,ACS REAGENT,REAG. ISO,REAG. PH. EUR.,≥99%
• 硝酸カリウム PURISS.,MEETS ANALYTICAL SPECIFICATION OF PHEUR,BP,USP,FCC,E252,99.0-100.5%
• 硝酸カリウム(タブレット)
• 硝酸カリウム (AS)
• 硝酸カリウム, 99.9%
• 硝酸カリウム, タブレット
• 硝酸カリウム (99.999%-K) PURATREM
• 硝酸カリウム, 99+% (ACS)
• 硝酸カリウム (JAN)
• その他の無機の標準物質
• 無機標準物質