| Identification | More | [Name]
Ruthenium | [CAS]
7440-18-8 | [Synonyms]
Ru
Ru/C
Ru/C 5%
aluMane
RU007910
RU004500
RU000220
RU004200
RU008010
RU006100
RUTHENIUM
ESCAT 4401
ESCAT TM 4401
Ruthenium, 5%
ruthenium atom
RutheniuM Ru/C
RutheniuM
Rutherium black
RUTHENIUM METAL
RUTHENIUM BLACK
Rutheniumcarbon
RutheniumpowderN
Ruthenium (0.5%)
RUTHENIUM SPONGE
mmRuthenium atom
RutheniuM silica
RUTHENIUM-ALUMINA
Ruthenium pellets
RUTHENIUM CATALYST
Ru5%Ruthenium atom
Ruthenium solution
RUTHENIUM STANDARD
Ruthenium Nanorods
RUTHENIUM BLACK, 3N
RUTHENIUM ON CARBON
RUTHENIUM ON ALUMINA
RUTHENIUM POWDER, 3N
RUTHENIUM POWDER, 4N
Ru0.5%Ruthenium atom
Ruthenium, -200 mesh
RUTHENIUM POWDER 99%
RutheniumblackNpowder
RUTHENIUM POWDER, 3N5
PLATING SOLUTION RU-5
Ru/C Ruthenium/Carbon
5% Ruthenium on Carbon
RutheniuM Metal 99,99%
PLATING SOLUTION RU-10
RUTHENIUM ICP STANDARD
Rutheniumpowder(99.9%)
RUTHENIUM BLACK (99.9%)
RUTHENIUM 0.5% ON CARBON
Rutheniumonaluminapowder
Rutheniumoncarbonmeshgran
RUTHENIUM, POWDER, 99.99%
Ruthenium-carbon catalyst
Ruthenium, powder 20 Mesh
RUTHENIUM 0.5% ON ALUMINA
RUTHENIUM POWDER (99.95%)
Ruthenium, Sponge 20 Mesh
Ruthenium-Alumina (Ru 5%)
Ruthenium, Powder, - 45um
Ruthenium, Powder 200 Mesh
RUTHENIUM ICP/DCP STANDARD
RUTHENIUM-ACTIVATED CARBON
Ruthenium, Ru 10, 000μg/mL
Rutheniumonaluminaxpellets
RutheniumpowderNmeshpowder
ROYER(R) RUTHENIUM CATALYST
Ruthenium on alumina powder
Nano Ruthenium metal powder
Ruthenium on silica, reduced
5% Ruthenium-carbon catalyst
RUTHENIUM, 5% ON CARBON, DRY
Ruthenium standard for AAS
RUTHENIUM ON ACTIVATED CARBON
Ruthenium ISO 9001：2015 REACH
Ruthenium on activated charcoal
4-Pyrimidin-2-ylbenzyl chloride
RutheniumoncarbonAngstromspowder
RUTHENIUM, AAS STANDARD SOLUTION
RUTHENIUM METAL POWDER extrapure
Ruthenium, Sponge 20 Mesh 99.95%
Ruthenium, Powder 200 Mesh 99.95%
RUTHENIUM SINGLE ELEMENT STANDARD
Ruthenium, 5% on activated carbon
RUTHENIUM POWDER <60 MICRON 99.9%
Ruthenium Carbon Catalyzer (Ru/C)
RUTHENIUM PLASMA EMISSION STANDARD
RUTHENIUM, PLASMA STANDARD SOLUTION
4-Pyrimidin-2-ylbenzyl chloride 97%
Ruthenium, 5% on alumina, D302011-5
Ruthenium on alumina, 5% Ru, powder
RUTHENIUM ON ALUMINA POWDER (5% RU)
RUTHENIUM, POWDER, -200 MESH, 99.9%
Ruthenium, 99.9%, -200 mesh, powder
RUTHENIUM, SPONGE, -100 MESH, 99.9%
2-[4-(Chloromethyl)phenyl]pyrimidine
RUTHENIUM: 99.9%, POWDER, -60 MICRON
RUTHENIUM ATOMIC ABSORPTION STANDARD
RUTHENIUM ON ACTIVATED CARBON, REDUCED
RUTHENIUM ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY STANDARD
Ruthenium cubes, 6mm (0.24 in.) square
RutheniuM, 99.9%, -200 Mesh, powder 5GR
5% on Carbon (wetted with ca. 50% Water)
RUTHENIUM, 5% ON CARBON, 15-25 ANGSTROMS
Ruthenium, 5% on carbon paste, D101002-5
RUTHENIUM POWDER (99.99%) -200 MESH PWDR
RUTHENIUM ON ALUMINA, 5% RU, POWDER, DRY
Ruthenium on activated carbon, 5% Ruthenium
Ruthenium powder, 99.99% trace metals basis
Ruthenium on carbon, 5% Ru, ca. 50% moisture
RUTHENIUM ATOMIC ABSORPTION STANDARD SOLUTION
Ruthenium on 1/8-inch alumina pellets, 0.5% Ru
RutheniuM, 4% on 6.35MM (0.25in) aluMina rings
RutheniuM on carbon(wetted with ca. 50% water)
RUTHENIUM PLASMA EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY STANDARD
Ruthenium plasma standard solution, Ru 1000μg/mL
Ruthenium standard solution, 1 mg/ml Ru in 5% HCl
Ruthenium, 5% on activated carbon paste, Type 619
Ruthenium on carbon5% Ruunreducedca. 50% moisture
RutheniuM, 5% on carbon, Type 619, unreduced, dry
RutheniuM, 2% on 3.18MM (0.125in) aluMina pellets
Ruthenium 5% on Carbon (wetted with ca. 50% Water)
Ruthenium, 10% on activated carbon powder, reduced
RUTHENIUM POWDER (99.9%) -200 MESH BLUISH-GRAY PWDR
RUTHENIUM POWDER (99.9%) -325 MESH BLUISH-GRAY PWDR
Ruthenium sponge, -20 mesh, 99.95% trace metals basis
Ruthenium cubes, 6mm square, 99.9% trace metals basis
Ruthenium powder, -325 mesh, 99.9% trace metals basis
Ruthenium powder, -200 mesh, 99.9% trace metals basis
Ruthenium,5%onactivatedcarbon(50%wettedpowder)EvonikH1
Ruthenium on carbon extent of labeling: 5 wt. % loading
RutheniuM, 99.9%, (trace Metal basis), -200 Mesh, powder
RutheniuM sponge, -20 Mesh, 99.95% (Metals basis), 99.95%
Ruthenium cubes, 6mm (0.24in) square, 99.9% (metals basis)
Ruthenium ICP Standard@1000 μg/mL in 10% Hydrochloric acid
Ruthenium ICP Standard@10000 μg/mL in 10% Hydrochloric acid
Ruthenium, AAS standard solution, Specpure(R), Ru 1000μg/ml
ROYERRUTHENIUM CATALYST BEADS 1% Ru on Polyethylenimine/SiO2
Ruthenium ICP-MS Standard@100 μg/mL in 10% Hydrochloric acid
Ruthenium ICP-MS Standard@1000 μg/mL in 10% Hydrochloric acid
ROYERRUTHENIUM CATALYST POWDER 1% Ru on Polyethylenimine/SiO2
Ruthenium, plasma standard solution, Specpure(R), Ru 1000μg/ml
Ruthenium ICP-MS Standard@10000 μg/mL in 10% Hydrochloric acid
Ruthenium, plasma standard solution, Specpure(R), Ru 10,000μg/ml
Ruthenium on activated carbon,5% Ru, unreduced, ca. 50% moisture
Ruthenium,5%onactivatedcarbon,reduced,50%waterwetpaste(Escat4401)
RUTHENIUM, 5% ON ACTIVATED CARBON, (50% WETTED POWDER) DEGUSSA H1
Ruthenium powder, -200 mesh, 99.99% trace metals basis excluding Ca
Ruthenium on alumina extent of labeling: 0.5 wt. % loading, pellets, 3.2 mm
RutheniuM, 5% on activated carbon, (50-70% wetted powder) Evonik Noblyst P3060
Ruthenium on alumina extent of labeling: 5 wt. % loading, powder, reduced, dry
Ruthenium, 5% on activated carbon, reduced, 50% water wet paste (Escat(TM) 4401)
Ruthenium, 5% on activated carbon, (50-70% wetted powder) Evonik H 198 P/W 5% Ru
Ruthenium, 5% on activated carbon, (50-70% wetted powder) Evonik Noblyst(R) P3060
Ruthenium powder, -22 mesh, Premion, 99.98% (metals basis excluding Ca), Ca 100ppm max
Ruthenium on alumina extent of labeling: 5 wt. % loading, powder, Degussa type H213 R/D
Ruthenium powder, -200 mesh, Premion, 99.99+% (metals basis excluding Ca), Ca 100ppm max
Ruthenium powder, -22 mesh, Premion(R), 99.98% (metals basis excluding Ca), Ca 100ppm max
Ruthenium powder, -200 mesh, Premion(R), 99.99+% (metals basis excluding Ca), Ca 100ppm max
RutheniuM nanoparticles, pure, (<20nM) in acetone at 100Mg/L (surfactant and reactant-free)
RutheniuM nanoparticles, pure, (50-70nM) in acetone at 100Mg/L (surfactant and reactant-free)
RutheniuM nanoparticles, pure, (<20nM) in isopropanol at 100Mg/L (surfactant and reactant-free)
Ruthenium, 5% on activated carbon powder, Type D101023-5, standard, reduced, nominally 50% water wet
RutheniuM nanoparticles, pure, (<20nM) in water at 100Mg/L (surfactant and reactant-free, stabilized with < 0.01 MMol/l of citrate)
ROYER RUTHENIUM CATALYST BEADS, 1% Ru on Polyethylenimine/SiO2ROYER RUTHENIUM CATALYST BEADS, 1% Ru on Polyethylenimine/SiO2ROYER RUTHENIUM CATALYST BEADS, 1% Ru on Polyethylenimine/SiO2
ROYER RUTHENIUM CATALYST POWDER, 1% Ru on Polyethylenimine/SiO2ROYER RUTHENIUM CATALYST POWDER, 1% Ru on Polyethylenimine/SiO2ROYER RUTHENIUM CATALYST POWDER, 1% Ru on Polyethylenimine/SiO2 | [EINECS(EC#)]
231-127-1 | [Molecular Formula]
Ru | [MDL Number]
MFCD00011207 | [Molecular Weight]
101.07 | [MOL File]
7440-18-8.mol |
| Chemical Properties | Back Directory | [Definition]
Metallic element of atomic number 44, group VIII
of the periodic table, aw 101.07, valences = 3, 4, 5,
6, 8. Seven stable isotopes. | [Appearance]
Black Powder | [Melting point ]
2310 °C (lit.) | [Boiling point ]
3900 °C (lit.) | [density ]
1.025 g/mL at 25 °C
| [storage temp. ]
Flammables area | [solubility ]
insoluble in acid solutions, aqua regia | [form ]
sponge
| [color ]
Grayish-white | [Specific Gravity]
12.3 | [Stability:]
Stable. Powder is highly flammable. | [Resistivity]
7.1 μΩ-cm, 0°C | [Water Solubility ]
insoluble | [Sensitive ]
Lachrymatory | [Merck ]
8299 | [Exposure limits]
ACGIH: Ceiling 2 ppm
OSHA: Ceiling 5 ppm(7 mg/m3)
NIOSH: IDLH 50 ppm; Ceiling 5 ppm(7 mg/m3) | [History]
Berzelius and Osann in 1827 examined the residues left after dissolving crude platinum from the Ural
mountains in aqua regia. While Berzelius found no unusual
metals, Osann thought he found three new metals, one of
which he named ruthenium. In 1844 Klaus, generally recognized
as the discoverer, showed that Osann’s ruthenium oxide
was very impure and that it contained a new metal. Klaus
obtained 6 g of ruthenium from the portion of crude platinum
that is insoluble in aqua regia. A member of the platinum
group, ruthenium occurs native with other members of
the group of ores found in the Ural mountains and in North
and South America. It is also found along with other platinum
metals in small but commercial quantities in pentlandite of
the Sudbury, Ontario, nickel-mining region, and in pyroxinite
deposits of South Africa. Natural ruthenium contains seven
isotopes. Twenty-eight other isotopes and isomers are known,
all of which are radioactive. The metal is isolated commercially
by a complex chemical process, the final stage of which
is the hydrogen reduction of ammonium ruthenium chloride,
which yields a powder. The powder is consolidated by powder
metallurgy techniques or by argon-arc welding. Ruthenium is
a hard, white metal and has four crystal modifications. It does
not tarnish at room temperatures, but oxidizes in air at about
800°C. The metal is not attacked by hot or cold acids or aqua
regia, but when potassium chlorate is added to the solution,
it oxidizes explosively. It is attacked by halogens, hydroxides,
etc. Ruthenium can be plated by electrodeposition or by thermal
decomposition methods. The metal is one of the most effective
hardeners for platinum and palladium, and is alloyed
with these metals to make electrical contacts for severe wear
resistance. A ruthenium–molybdenum alloy is said to be superconductive
at 10.6 K. The corrosion resistance of titanium
is improved a hundredfold by addition of 0.1% ruthenium. It
is a versatile catalyst. Hydrogen sulfide can be split catalytically
by light using an aqueous suspension of CdS particles
loaded with ruthenium dioxide. It is thought this may have
application to removal of H2S in oil refining and other industrial
processes. Compounds in at least eight oxidation states
have been found, but of these, the +2. +3. and +4 states are the
most common. Ruthenium tetroxide, like osmium tetroxide,
is highly toxic. In addition, it may explode. Ruthenium compounds
show a marked resemblance to those of osmium. The
metal is priced at about $25/g (99.95% pure). | [CAS DataBase Reference]
7440-18-8(CAS DataBase Reference) | [NIST Chemistry Reference]
Ruthenium(7440-18-8) | [EPA Substance Registry System]
7440-18-8(EPA Substance) |
| Safety Data | Back Directory | [Hazard Codes ]
F,C,Xn | [Risk Statements ]
R20:Harmful by inhalation.
R37:Irritating to the respiratory system.
R11:Highly Flammable. | [Safety Statements ]
S22:Do not breathe dust .
S36:Wear suitable protective clothing .
S38:In case of insufficient ventilation, wear suitable respiratory equipment .
S24/25:Avoid contact with skin and eyes .
S16:Keep away from sources of ignition-No smoking .
S14:Keep away from ... (incompatible materials to be indicated by the manufacturer) . | [RIDADR ]
UN 3178 4.1/PG 2
| [WGK Germany ]
3
| [Hazard Note ]
Corrosive/Lachrymatory | [TSCA ]
Yes | [HazardClass ]
4.1 | [PackingGroup ]
III | [HS Code ]
28439000 | [Safety Profile]
Most ruthenium compounds are poisons. Ruthenium is retained in the bones for a long time. Flammable in the form of dust when exposed to heat or flame. Violent reaction with ruthenium oxide. Explosive reaction with aqua rega + potassium chlorate. When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of RuO, and Ru, which are hghly injurious to the eyes and lung and can
produce nasal ulcerations. See also RUTHENIUM COMPOUNDS. |
| Questions And Answer | Back Directory | [History, Occurrence, and Uses]
Ruthenium was recognized as a new element by G.W. Osann in 1828. He found it in insoluble residues from aqua regia extract of native platinum from alluvial deposits in the Ural mountains of Russia. He named it Ruthen after the Latin name Ruthenia for Russia. The discovery of this element, however, is credited to Klaus who in 1844 found that Osann’s ruthenium oxide was very impure and isolated pure Ru metal from crude platinum residues insoluble in aqua regia.
Ruthenium occurs in nature natively, found in minor quantities associated with other platinum metals. Its abundance in the earth’s crust is estimated to be 0.001 mg/kg, comparable to that of rhodium and iridium.
Ruthenium alloyed to platinum, palladium, titanium and molybdenum have many applications. It is an effective hardening element for platinum and palladium. Such alloys have high resistance to corrosion and oxidation and are used to make electrical contacts for resistance to severe wear. Ruthenium–palladium alloys are used in jewelry, decorations, and dental work. Addition of 0.1% ruthenium markedly improves corrosion resistance of titanium. Ruthenium alloys make tips for fountain pen nibs, instrument pivots, and electrical goods. Ruthenium catalysts are used in selective hydrogenation of carbonyl groups to convert aldehydes and ketones to alcohols.
| [Chemical Properties]
Ruthenium is a hard, white-colored member of the PGE with a BP of 4150 °C (Lide, 2006). Like osmium, it can be used to create a hardened alloy with platinum or palladium. The addition of a small quantity of ruthenium to titanium makes an alloy with increased corrosion resistance (Lide, 2006). Ruthenium is also a versatile catalyst.
| [Physical Properties]
Hard silvery-white metal; hexagonal close-packed crystal structure; density 12.41 g/cm3 at 20°C; melts at 2,334°C; vaporizes at 4,150°C; electrical resistivity 7.1 microhm-cm at 0°C; hardness (annealed) 200-350 Vickers units; Young’s modulus 3.0×104 tons/in2; magnetic susceptibility 0.427 cm3/g; thermal neutron absorption cross section 2.6 barns; insoluble in water, cold or hot acids, and aqua regia; can be brought into aqueous phase by fusion of finely divided metal with alkaline hydroxides, peroxides, carbonates and cyanides.
| [Production]
Ruthenium is derived from platinum metal ores. Method of production depends on the type of ore. However, the extraction processes are similar to those of other noble metals (see Platinum, Rhodium and Iridium). Ruthenium, like Rhodium, may be obtained from accumulated anode sludges in electrolytic refining of nickel or copper from certain types of ores. Also, residues from refining nickel by Mond carbonyl process contain ruthenium and other precious metals at very low concentrations. The extraction processes are very lengthy, involving smelting with suitable fluxes and acid treatments.
Metals, such as gold, platinum, and palladium, are separated by digesting refining residues with aqua regia. These metals are soluble in aqua regia, leaving ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, osmium, and silver in the insoluble residue.
The treatment of this insoluble residue may vary. In one typical process, residue is subjected to fusion with sodium peroxide. Ruthenium and osmium are converted to water-soluble sodium ruthenate and osmate, which are leached with water. The aqueous solution is treated with chlorine gas and heated. The ruthenate and the osmate are converted to their tetroxides. Ruthenium tetroxide is distilled out and collected in hydrochloric acid. The tetroxide is converted into ruthenium chloride. Traces of osmium are removed from ruthenium chloride solution by boiling with nitric acid.
Nitric acid converts osmium to volatile osmium tetroxide but forms a nitrosyl complex with ruthenium that remains in the solution. After removal of trace osmium, the solution is treated with ammonium chloride. This precipitates ruthenium as crystals of ammonium chlororuthenate, NH4RuCl6. The precipitate is washed, dried, and ignited to form ruthenium black. This is reduced with hydrogen at 1,000°C to form very pure ruthenium powder.
| [Reactions]
When heated in air at 500 to 700°C, ruthenium converts to its dioxide, RuO2, a black crystalline solid of rutile structure. A trioxide of ruthenium, RuO3, also is known; formed when the metal is heated above 1,000°C. Above 1,100°C the metal loses weight because trioxide partially volatilizes. Ruthenium also forms a tetroxide, RuO4, which, unlike osmium, is not produced by direct union of the elements.
Halogens react with the metal at elevated temperatures. Fluorine reacts with ruthenium at 300°C forming colorless vapors of pentafluoride, RuF5, which at ordinary temperatures converts to a green solid. Chlorine combines with the metal at 450°C to form black trichloride, RuCl3, which is insoluble in water. Ru metal at ambient temperature is attacked by chlorine water, bromine water, or alcoholic solution of iodine.
Ruthenium is stable in practically all acids including aqua regia. Fusion with an alkali in the presence of an oxidizing agent forms ruthenate, RuO42– and perruthenate, RuO4¯.
When finely-divided Ru metal is heated with carbon monoxide under 200 atm pressure, ruthenium converts to pentacarbonyl, Ru(CO)5, a colorless liquid that decomposes on heating to diruthenium nonacarbonyl, Ru2(CO)9, a yellow crystalline solid. Ruthenium reacts with cyclopentadiene in ether to form a sandwich complex, a yellow crystalline compound, bis(cyclopentadiene) ruthenium(0), also known as ruthenocene.
|
| Hazard Information | Back Directory | [Isotopes]
There are 37 isotopes for ruthenium, ranging in atomic mass numbers from87 to 120. Seven of these are stable isotopes. The atomic masses and percentage ofcontribution to the natural occurrence of the element on Earth are as follows: Ru-96 =5.54%, Ru-98 = 1.87%, Ru-99 = 12.76%, Ru-100 = 12.60%, Ru-101 = 17.06%, Ru-102 = 31.55%, and Ru-104 = 18.62%. | [Origin of Name]
“Ruthenium” is derived from the Latin word Ruthenia meaning “Russia,”
where it is found in the Ural Mountains. | [Occurrence]
Ruthenium is a rare element that makes up about 0.01 ppm in the Earth’s crust. Even so, itis considered the 74th most abundant element found on Earth. It is usually found in amountsup to 2% in platinum ores and is recovered when the ore is refined. It is difficult to separatefrom the leftover residue of refined platinum ore.
Ruthenium is found in South America and the Ural Mountains of Russia. There are someminor platinum and ruthenium ores found in the western United States and Canada. All ofthe radioactive isotopes of ruthenium are produced in nuclear reactors. | [Characteristics]
Ruthenium also belongs to the platinum group, which includes six elements with similarchemical characteristics. They are located in the middle of the second and third series of thetransition elements. The platinum group consists of ruthenium, rhodium,palladium, osmium, iridium, and platinum.
Ruthenium is a hard brittle metal that resists corrosion from all acids but is vulnerable tostrong alkalis (bases). Small amounts, when alloyed with other metals, will prevent corrosionof that metal. | [Uses]
As substitute for platinum in jewelry; for pen nibs; as hardener in electrical contact alloys, electrical filaments; in ceramic colors; catalyst in synthesis of long chain hydrocarbons. | [Uses]
Since ruthenium is rare and difficult to isolate in pure form, there are few uses for it. Itsmain uses are as an alloy to produce noncorrosive steel and as an additive to jewelry metalssuch as platinum, palladium, and gold, making them more durable.
It is also used as an alloy to make electrical contacts harder and wear longer, for medicalinstruments, and more recently, as an experimental metal for direct conversion of solar cellmaterial to electrical energy.
Ruthenium is used as a catalyst to affect the speed of chemical reactions, but is not alteredby the chemical process. It is also used as a drug to treat eye diseases. | [Production Methods]
Elemental ruthenium occurs in native alloys of iridium and
osmium (irridosmine, siskerite) and in sulfide and other ores
(pentlandite, laurite, etc.) in very small quantities that are
commercially recovered.
The element is separated from the other platinum metals
by a sequence involving treatment with aqua regia (separation
of insoluble osmium, rhodium, ruthenium, and iridium),
fusion with sodium bisulfate (with which rhodium reacts),
and fusion with sodium peroxide (dissolution of osmium and
ruthenium). The resulting solution of ruthenate and osmate is
treated with ethanol to precipitate ruthenium dioxide. The
ruthenium dioxide is purified by treatment with hydrochloric
acid and chlorine and reduced with hydrogen gas to pure
metal.
Ruthenium is recovered from exhausted catalytic converters
or, in a similar manner, from the waste produced during
platinum and nickel ore processing. | [General Description]
We are committed to bringing you Greener Alternative Products, which adhere to one or more of The 12 Principles of Greener Chemistry. This product has been enhanced for energy efficiency. Find details here. | [Hazard]
The main hazard is the explosiveness of ruthenium fine power or dust. The metal willrapidly oxidize (explode) when exposed to oxidizer-type chemicals such as potassium chlorideat room temperature. Most of its few compounds are toxic and their fumes should beavoided. | [Flammability and Explosibility]
Notclassified | [Pharmaceutical Applications]
Ruthenium is the chemical element with the symbol Ru and atomic number 44. It occurs as a minor side
product in the mining of platinum. Ruthenium is relatively inert to most chemicals. Its main applications are
in the area of specialised electrical parts.
The success of cisplatin, together with the occurrence of dose-limiting resistances and severe side effects
such as nausea and nephrotoxicity, encouraged the research into other metal-based anticancer agents. Ruthenium
is one of those metals under intense research, and first results look very promising, with two candidates
– NAMI-A and KP1019 – having entered clinical trials. |
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