Ribavirin Chemische Eigenschaften,Einsatz,Produktion Methoden
R-Sätze Betriebsanweisung:
R61:Kann das Kind im Mutterleib schädigen.
R36/38:Reizt die Augen und die Haut.
S-Sätze Betriebsanweisung:
S53:Exposition vermeiden - vor Gebrauch besondere Anweisungen einholen.
S22:Staub nicht einatmen.
S45:Bei Unfall oder Unwohlsein sofort Arzt zuziehen (wenn möglich, dieses Etikett vorzeigen).
S37/39:Bei der Arbeit geeignete Schutzhandschuhe und Schutzbrille/Gesichtsschutz tragen.
S26:Bei Berührung mit den Augen sofort gründlich mit Wasser abspülen und Arzt konsultieren.
Chemische Eigenschaften
Colourless Solid
Verwenden
Ribavirin is a guanosine analog with antiviral properties against DNA and RNA viruses, including respiratory syncytial virus, hepatitis C, and influenza. It acts as a prodrug that can be activated by either mono- or tri-phosphorylation by cellular kinases. These phosphorylated derivatives of ribavirin have diverse effects on both cellular and viral enzymes, resulting in suppression of viral replication.
Definition
ChEBI: A 1-ribosyltriazole that is the 1-ribofuranosyl derivative of 1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide. An inhibitor of HCV polymerase.
Indications
Ribavirin is a synthetic guanosine analogue that possesses
broad antiviral inhibitory activity against many
viruses, including influenza A and B, parainfluenza,RSV,
HCV, HIV-1, and various herpesviruses, arenaviruses,
and paramyxoviruses. Its exact mechanism of action has
not been fully elucidated; however, it appears to inhibit
the synthesis of viral mRNA through an effect on nucleotide
pools. Following absorption, host cell enzymes
convert ribavirin to its monophosphate, diphosphate,
and triphosphate forms. Ribavirin monophosphate inhibits the guanosine triphosphate (GTP) synthesis
pathway and subsequently inhibits many GTP-dependent
processes. Ribavirin triphosphate inhibits the 5 capping
of viral mRNA with GTP and specifically inhibits
influenza virus RNA polymerase. Ribavirin may also
act by increasing the mutation rate of RNA viruses, leading
to the production of nonviable progeny virions.
Ribavirin resistance has not been documented in clinical
isolates.
Acquired resistance
Development of resistant virus strains has not been
demonstrated.
Allgemeine Beschreibung
Ribavirin is 1-β-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-thiazole-3-carboxamide.The compound is a purine nucleoside analog with amodified base and a D-ribose sugar moiety.
Ribavirin inhibits the replication of a very wide variety ofRNA and DNA viruses,68 including orthomyxoviruses,paramyxoviruses, arenaviruses, bunyaviruses, herpesviruses,adenoviruses, poxvirus, vaccinia, influenza virus(types A and B), parainfluenza virus, and rhinovirus. In spiteof the broad spectrum of activity of ribavirin, the drug hasbeen approved for only one therapeutic indication—thetreatment of severe lower respiratory infections caused byRSV in carefully selected hospitalized infants and youngchildren.
Air & Water Reaktionen
Water soluble.
Reaktivität anzeigen
Ribavirin may be sensitive to prolonged exposure to light.
Hazard
Mildly toxic by ingestion. An experimental
teratogen.
Brandgefahr
Flash point data for Ribavirin are not available; however, Ribavirin is probably combustible.
Pharmazeutische Anwendungen
A synthetic nucleoside. It is neither a classic pyrimidine nor a
purine, but stereochemical studies indicate that it is a guanosine
analog. It is usually formulated for administration by inhalation,
but oral and intravenous preparations are also used.
Mechanism of action
Ribavirin, a guanosine analogue, has broad-spectrum antiviral activity against both DNA and RNA viruses. It is phosphorylated by adenosine kinase to the triphosphate, resulting in the inhibition of viral
specific RNA polymerase, disrupting messenger RNA and nucleic acid synthesis.
Pharmakologie
Oral and intravenous ribavirin are associated with
additional adverse effects.When given via these routes,
ribavirin can produce hemolytic anemia that is reversible
following dosage reduction or cessation of therapy.
When given in combination with interferon- , ribavirin
increases the incidence of many of its side effects,
such as fatigue, nausea, insomnia, depression, and anemia,
and may cause fatal or nonfatal pancreatitis.
Ribavirin is mutagenic, teratogenic, and embryotoxic in
animals at doses below the therapeutic level in humans.
It is contraindicated in pregnant women and in the male
partners of pregnant women. Women of childbearing
potential and male partners of these women must use
two effective forms of contraception during ribavirin
treatment and for 6 months post therapy. Pregnant
women should not directly care for patients receiving
ribavirin.
Clinical Use
Ribavirin aerosol (Virazole) is indicated in the treatment
of high-risk infants and young children with severe
bronchiolitis or pneumonia due to RSV infection.
Treatment is most effective if begun within 3 days of the
onset of symptoms.
Although ribavirin monotherapy is ineffective
against HCV, oral ribavirin in combination with interferon-α
(Rebatron) is approved for this indication and is
effective in patients resistant to interferon therapy
alone. Intravenous ribavirin may be useful in the therapy
of Hantaan virus infection, Crimean or Congo virus
hemorrhagic fever, Lassa fever, and severe adenovirus
infection.
Nebenwirkungen
Most adverse effects associated with aerosol ribavirin
are local. Pulmonary function may decline if aerosol ribavirin
is used in adults with chronic obstructive lung disease
or asthma. Deterioration of pulmonary and cardiovascular
function has also been seen in severely ill
infants given this preparation. Rash, conjunctivitis, and
rare cases of anemia have been reported. Health care
workers exposed to aerosol ribavirin during its administration
have reported adverse effects including headache,
conjunctivitis, rash, and rarely, bronchospasm.
Ribavirin Upstream-Materialien And Downstream Produkte
Upstream-Materialien
Downstream Produkte
6-benzylaminopurine hydrochloride
ribavirin 2',3',5'-triacetate
1-[3,5-O-[1,1,3,3-Tetrakis(1-Methylethyl)-1,3-disiloxanediyl]-β-D-ribofuranosyl]-1H-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxaMide
2',3'-Isopropylidene Ribavirin
