ツリウム 化学特性,用途語,生産方法
外観
銀白色の削り状
性質
Tm．ツリウムは，原子番号69の元素．電子配置[Xe]4f 136s2の周期表3族ランタノイド元素．希土類元素イットリウム族の一つ．原子量168.93421(2)．安定核種は質量数169のみの単核種元素．質量数145～179の放射性同位体が知られている．1879年，スウェーデンのP.T. Cleve(クレーベ)が希土類鉱物中に発見し，スカンジナビアの古名Thuleにちなんで命名した．ユークセン石，ガドリン石などに存在する．地殻中の存在度0.32 ppm．希土類元素中，ルテチウムとともにもっとも存在度が低い．銀白色の六方晶系結晶．融点1545 ℃，沸点1950 ℃．密度9.321 g cm－3(20 ℃)．第一イオン化エネルギー6.18 eV．水は徐々に，熱水，酸には容易に溶ける．酸化数3．Tm2O3，TmF3，TmI3などの化合物が知られる．金属はTmF3をCaで還元すると得られる．イットリウムと似る．Tm3＋ の電子配置は4f 12で，結晶，水溶液の色は淡緑色，常磁性である．170Tm は半減期128.6 d でほとんど β－ 崩壊するが，分岐率0.13％ の軌道電子捕獲で崩壊する際にγ線(84 keV)を放出するので，これを利用したポータブルX線源が用いられている．光通信用の光増幅器にツリウム・ドープ光ファイバーが考えられている．[CAS 7440-30-4]
森北出版「化学辞典（第2版）
反応性
1879年スウェーデンのクレーベPer Theodor Cleve（1840―1905）が当時エルビウムの酸化物とされていたエルビアから新元素として分離し、スカンジナビアの古名である極北の地を意味するThuleにちなんで命名した。ユークセン石、ガドリン石などに含まれるが、希土類元素のうちでその量がもっとも少ない。ツリウム，ほかの希土類元素とともに鉱物中から取り出し、イオン交換法によって分離する。無水塩化物を真空またはアルゴン気流中で液状アルカリ金属で還元すると、銀白色の金属が得られる。空気中では室温で表面が酸化され、加熱すると酸化ツリウム(Ⅲ)となる。水に徐々に溶けるが、熱水、酸に水素を発して溶ける。普通は酸化数Ⅲの化合物をつくる。3価の化合物の結晶および水溶液は淡い緑色、常磁性で、ごくまれに二価化合物ができる。［守永健一・中原勝儼］
溶解性
水と混和。アルコールに可溶。水及びエタノールと任意の割合で混和する。
用途
新素材研究用、高純度金属、標準液調製原料。
用途
原子吸光分析、ICP発光分析等によるツリウム定量用標準液。
使用上の注意
酸化防止、安定性向上のため不活性ガスを封入しているので、開封後は窒素を封入し、融閉して下さい。純度は金属ベースで差数法によって算出したもので、重量又は容量分析等の化学的方法によるものではありません。使用目的により、正確な含量が必要な場合は、それらの方法によって測定する必要があります。
化学的特性
grey chips
物理的性質
Thulium is a naturally occurring rare metal that exists is very small amounts mixed withother rare-earths. It is a bright silvery metal that is malleable and ductile and can be cuteasily with a knife. Its melting point is so high that it is difficult to force it into a meltedstate. Its vapor pressure is also high, and thus, much of the molten thulium evaporates intothe atmosphere. Its melting point is 1,545°C, its boiling point is 2,950°C, and its density is9.32g/cm
3.
同位体
There are a total of 46 isotopes of thulium. One of these, Tm-169 is the onlystable isotope of thulium and accounts for the total atomic mass of the element. All theother isotopes are artificially produced and radioactive and have half-lives ranging from afew microseconds to two years.
名前の由来
Named for Thule, the Greek word for Scandinavia, the most northerly
habitable land in ancient mythology.
天然物の起源
Thulium is the 61st most abundant element in the Earth’s crust and is found along withother rare-earths in monazite sand, which is about 50% rare-earths by weight. Only about0.007% of this is thulium. It is also found in bastnasite ore. It ranks 16th out of the 17 rareearthsin abundance. Thulium is usually found as an oxide along with other rare-earths. Likemost rare-earths, thulium can be separated from its ore by the ion-exchange process, whereits positive ion reacts with elements with negative ions like fluorine, chlorine, or oxygen toform binary compounds (e.g., Tm
2O
2). It can also be recovered as a by-product of the nuclearfission reaction in nuclear reactors.
来歴
Discovered in 1879 by Cleve. Thulium
occurs in small quantities along with other rare earths in a
number of minerals. It is obtained commercially from monazite,
which contains about 0.007% of the element. Thulium is
the least abundant of the rare-earth elements, but with new
sources recently discovered, it is now considered to be about
as rare as silver, gold, or cadmium. Ion-exchange and solvent
extraction techniques have recently permitted much easier
separation of the rare earths, with much lower costs. Only a
few years ago, thulium metal was not obtainable at any cost;
in 1996 the oxide cost $20/g. Thulium metal powder now
costs $70/g (99.9%). Thulium can be isolated by reduction of
the oxide with lanthanum metal or by calcium reduction of
the anhydrous fluoride. The pure metal has a bright, silvery
luster. It is reasonably stable in air, but the metal should be
protected from moisture in a closed container. The element is
silver-gray, soft, malleable, and ductile, and can be cut with a
knife. Forty-one isotopes and isomers are known, with atomic
masses ranging from 146 to 176. Natural thulium, which is
100%
169Tm, is stable. Because of the relatively high price of the
metal, thulium has not yet found many practical applications.
169Tm bombarded in a nuclear reactor can be used as a radiation
source in portable X-ray equipment.
171Tm is potentially
useful as an energy source. Natural thulium also has possible
use in ferrites (ceramic magnetic materials) used in microwave
equipment. As with other lanthanides, thulium has a
low-to-moderate acute toxicity rating. It should be handled
with care.
特性
Thulium is near the end of the lanthanide series, where the metals tend to be heavier thanthe ones located near the beginning of the series. It is so scarce that it requires the processing ofabout 500 tons of earth to extract four kilograms of thulium. The only element that is scarceris promethium, which is not found naturally on Earth.
使用
Thulium(III) carbonate hydrate has specialized uses in ceramics, glass, phosphors, lasers, and also is the important dopant for fibre amplifiers. Thulium(III) carbonate hydrate has use in ferrites, ceramic magnetic materials that are used in microwave equipment.
主な応用
Thulium products are mainly used in making crystal and lasers.
An important application of the thulium in the Medicine area, and relatively independent of its high cost, is the production of portable X-ray sources. These sources are available for about one year, as tools in medical and dental diagnosis, as well as to detect defects in mechanical and electronic inaccessible components. This type of sources does not need excessive protection. Usually a small cap of lead is enough. Thulium can also be used in magnetic and ceramic materials (ferrite), similar to the Yttrium-iron alloys, nowadays used in the microwave technologies.
Thulium Metal, is mainly used in making superalloys, and has some application in ferrites (ceramic magnetic materials) used in microwave equipment and also as a radiation source of portable X-ray. Thulium potentially has use in ferrites, ceramic magnetic materials that are used in microwave equipment. it is used in arc lighting for its unusual spectrum.
定義
thulium: Symbol Tm. A soft greymetallic element belonging to thelanthanoids; a.n. 69; r.a.m. 168.934;r.d. 9.321 (20°C); m.p. 1545°C; b.p.1947°C. It occurs in apatite and xenotime.There is one natural isotope,thulium–169, and seventeen artificialisotopes have been produced. Thereare no uses for the element, whichwas discovered by Per Cleve (1840–1905) in 1879.
危険性
The dust and powder of thulium are explosive and toxic if inhaled or ingested. As with allradioactive elements, thulium can cause radiation poisoning.
ツリウム 上流と下流の製品情報
原材料
準備製品