| Identification | More | [Name]
TIN | [CAS]
7440-31-5 | [Synonyms]
TIN
wang
Zinn
G-Sn
W-Sn
50Sn
mmTin
AT-SN
FSn 2
tin(0)
Stanum
Sn-HWQ
Estano
inatom
Tin(Sn)
Tin Bar
TEGO 30
TEGO 60
ci77860
STANNUM
Tin slug
SN007910
tin atom
AT-Sn600
SNE 06PB
SN000110
SN000200
SN000180
SN000440
SN000300
SN000239
SN000410
SN007930
SN000260
SN000220
SN000120
SN000235
SN007918
SN000090
SN000201
SN000241
SN000500
SN000212
SN000130
SN000170
SN000320
SN007940
SN000204
SN004600
SN000060
SN000520
SN007950
SN004700
SN000050
SN007920
Sn-S 200
Sn-S-HWQ
Tin shot
Tiningot
SN000232
SN000291
SN000420
SN000330
SN000430
SN000140
SN000390
SN000295
SN005120
SN000510
SN000150
SN000160
SN005110
SN000290
SN000530
SN000081
SN000070
SN000391
SN000350
SN000210
SN000424
SN000395
SN000441
SN000280
SN000331
SN000240
SN000230
SN007915
SN000426
SN000450
SN005140
SN005130
SN000400
SN004850
SN000360
SN000231
SN000100
TIN FOIL
Tin wire
tinflake
tin fume
TIN SHOTS
Tin, p.a.
Sn powder
Tin power
Tin, Hard
TIN FLAKE
TIN METAL
TIN MOSSY
tin(alpha)
TIN POWDER
Tin, 97.5%
Tin pieces
TinshotNmm
Tin element
metallictin
Chebi:27007
TIN, 99.999%
Tinfoilmmxmm
TinshotNmesh
TIN GRANULES
'LGC' (2609)
Tin (white).
TIN STANDARD
tinelemental
Tin, Shot 3mm
Tinpowdermesh
Tin foil500mm
TIN MESH: =30
Tin foil1000mm
metel basisTin
TinpowderNmesh
Tin metal foil
Tin granulated
TIN FOIL , 2N+
Tinshotcammdia
Tinshot(99.8%)
Tin, -325 mesh
Tin, <100 mesh
TIN AA STANDARD
Tin,99.8%,mossy
tin，high purity
TIN MOSSY 99.5%
Tinfoil(99.99%)
Haro Mix ZT-514
cipigmentmetal5
High-purity tin
Tin foil15x15cm
butyl(1-
Tin slug,2-5MM.
Tin foil15x75cm
Tin foil50x50mm
Tin foil (99+%)
Tin(Metal)FoilGr
Electrolytic tin
Tin foil15x300cm
etainelementaire
silvermattpowder
Tinrodmmdiameter
Tinfoil(99.998%)
TIN ICP STANDARD
TIN(IV) STANDARD
TITRISOL TIN(IV)
Tinwiremmdiameter
Tinshot(99.9999%)
TIN, BAR, 99.999%
TIN, MOSSY, 99.8%
Tin Paste 62-1177
Tin >=99%, powder
Tin foil100x500mm
Tin foil150x270mm
Tin foil100x100mm
Tin foil150x200mm
Tin Granules 3 mm
Tin, mossy, 99.80%
TIN GRAN (20 MESH)
Tin plate100x500mm
Tin plate100x100mm
Tin(Metal)PowderGr
TIN, SHOT, 99.999%
Tin(Metal)Granular
Tin, ingot, 99.95%
Tin (metal) powder
Silver matt powder
Tin powder (99.5%)
Tin powder (99.8%)
TIN METAL, 99.999%
Tin, 99.80%, mossy
TIN ORE CONCENTRATE
Tin wire,1.0MM dia.
Tinrodmmdiameterxmm
ethoxyvinyl)
Tin Granules 2-4 mm
Leco Tin Accelerator
TherMal Analysis-Tin
Tin(Metal)GranularGr
Tinpowderlowincarbon
Tin foil,(99.99%) 4N
TIN GRANULATED, PURE
Tin, powder, 99.999%
TIN ICP/DCP STANDARD
Tin, Powder 100 Mesh
TIN SHOT: 99.8%, 2N8
Tin powder (99.995%)
Pewter Powder,sphere
Tin, 99.999%, powder
Tin, powder,99.9999%
Tin, Shot 3mm 99.999%
Tin, pellets, 1/4x1/2
Tin, pellets, 1/4x1/4
Tin, pellets, 1/8x1/4
Tin, pellets, 1/8x1/8
Tin (impurities)
Tin 99.8%, shot, 3 mm
TIN STANDARD SOLUTION
Tin, For analysis ACS
TIN SHOT: 99.999%, 5N
Tin solution 1000 ppm
TinfoilNmmthickcagxmm
TIN METAL POWDER pure
Tin Powder - 200 mesh
Tin Rod 8 mm diameter
Tin Rod 6 mm diameter
TIN FINE POWDER 250 G
Tin Rod 11 mm diameter
TinfoilNmmthickxmmwide
TIN SHOT: 99.9999%, 6N
TIN FOIL: 99.998%, 4N8
TIN POWDER: 99.8%, 2N8
TIN POWDER: 99.5%, 2N5
TIN POWDER, EXTRA PURE
Tin, nanopowder, 99.7%
Tin, reagent ACS, shot
Tin, powder, -325 mesh
Tin standard for AAS
Tin solution 10 000 ppm
Tin Powder < 100 micron
Tin shot, 3mm (0.1 in.)
TIN, GRANULATED, 1-4 MM
Standard Solution of Sn
Tin ISO 9001：2015 REACH
Tin Wire 1.0 mm diameter
Tin Wire 2.0 mm diameter
TIN METAL, REAGENT (ACS)
Tin, reagent ACS, 20 mesh
Tin, reagent ACS, 30 mesh
TIN, SHOT, CA. 3MM, 99.8%
TINMETAL,SHOT,REAGENT,ACS
Tin Metal, Mossy, Reagent
TIN(IV) STANDARD SOLUTION
Tin, ACS reagent, 30 Mesh
Tin, ACS reagent, 20 Mesh
Tin, granular, 0.1-0.8 mm
Tin, Powder, -45μm, 99.5%
TIN, AAS STANDARD SOLUTION
Tin Metal, Sticks, Reagent
TINMETAL,MOSSY,REAGENT,ACS
TIN, SHOT, CA. 3MM, 99.95%
TinfoilNmmthickmmxmmpieces
Tiningotmmdiameterxmmthick
TINMETAL,STICKS,REAGENT,ACS
Tin mossy, For analysis ACS
TIN SINGLE ELEMENT STANDARD
Tin,99.8%,powder, -325 mesh
Tin,99.5%,powder, -100 mesh
stannic powder / Tin powder
tin coating quality balzers
Tin ingot/bar, ASTM-B339-95
TIN, POWDER, <10 MICRON, 99%
Tin powder, -100 mesh, 99.9%
Tin, Powder 100 Mesh 99.999%
TIN PLASMA EMISSION STANDARD
TIN METALLO-ORGANIC STANDARD
TIN, ROD, 6MM DIAM., 99.998%
TIN, FOIL, 1.0MM THICK, 99.9%
TIN FOIL, PURE, ROLL OF APPRO
TINMETAL,GRANULAR,REAGENT,ACS
TIN, PLASMA STANDARD SOLUTION
Tin rod, 13mm (0.51 in.) dia.
Tin, powder, -325 mesh, 99.8%
Tin, powder, -100 mesh, 99.5%
TINROD11MM;99,9%;LENGTH:250MM
TIN, FOIL, 0.33MM THICK, 99.9%
Tin rod, 12.7mm (0.5 in.) dia.
Tin, powder, -100 mesh, 99.50%
Tin, powder, -325 mesh, 99.80%
MANNITOL MOTILITY TEST 20X9ML
Tin rod, 6.35cm (2.5 in.) dia.
Tin Metal, 0.33 MM Thick, Foil
TIN AA SINGLE ELEMENT STANDARD
TIN, 99.50%, POWDER, -100 MESH
Tin, 99.80%, powder, -325 mesh
TIN ATOMIC ABSORPTION STANDARD
TIN: 99.9%. SHOT CA. 3 MM DIA.
Tin, powder, <150micron, 99.5%
TIN STICKS 8 MM DIAMETER PURE
TIN, WIRE, 0.25MM DIAM., 99.99%
TIN, WIRE, 1.0MM DIAM., 99.999%
TIN, WIRE, 0.5MM DIAM., 99.999%
TIN, FOIL, 0.25MM THICK, 99.99%
TIN, FOIL, 0.127MM THICK, 99.9%
Tin wire, 0.5mm (0.02 in.) dia.
TIN, FOIL, 0.1MM THICK, 99.999%
TIN, FOIL, 1.0MM THICK, 99.999%
Tin, rod, 12.7mm diameter, 99.9%
Tin, foil, 3.2mm x 100mm, 99.85%
Tin foil, 0.5mm (0.02 in.) thick
Tin foil, 1.0mm (0.04 in.) thick
Tin foil, 2.0mm (0.08 in.) thick
TIN, OIL BASED STANDARD SOLUTION
Tin foil (99.998%) (.25mm thick)
TIN ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY STANDARD
TIN, FOIL, 0.025MM THICK, 99.999%
TIN, REAGENT ACS, SHOT, <100 MESH
Tin ingot, 99.998% (metals basis)
Tin foil, 0.1mm (0.004 in.) thick
Tin plate, 3.2mm (0.13 in.) thick
Tin foil, 0.25mm (0.01 in.) thick
Tin, rod, 13mm diameter, 99.999+%
Tin, ACS reagent, shot, <100 Mesh
Tin @5000 μg/g in 75 cSt Base oil
Tin foil, 0.33mm (0.013 in.) thick
Tin foil, 0.18mm (0.007 in.) thick
Tin foil, 0.05mm (0.002 in.) thick
TIN SINGLE ELEMENT PLASMA STANDARD
Tin Metal, Shot, 8-20 Mesh, Reagent
Tin, powder, -325 Mesh, 99.8% 100GR
Tin foil, thickness 0.127 mm, 99.9%
Tin, wire, 0.5mm diameter, 99.9985%
TIN GRANULATED FOR ANALYSIS (PARTICLE
Tin Metal, Granular, 20 Mesh, Reagent
Tin Metal, Granular, 30 Mesh, Reagent
TIN, STICK, 7-9MM THICK, A.C.S. REAGENT
TIN ATOMIC ABSORPTION STANDARD SOLUTION
TIN FOIL ABOUT 0.04 MM THICK 200 STRIPS
Tin pieces, 99.9999% trace metals basis
TIN COATING QUALITY UMICORE, 1.5-3.5 MM
Tin granules, ACS, 99.9% (metals basis)
Tin, rod, 6mm diameter x 160mm, 99.9985%
TIN COARSE POWDER (PARTICLE SIZE 0.1-0.8 | [EINECS(EC#)]
231-141-8 | [Molecular Formula]
Sn | [MDL Number]
MFCD00133862 | [Molecular Weight]
118.71 | [MOL File]
7440-31-5.mol |
| Chemical Properties | Back Directory | [Definition]
Metallic element of atomic
number 50, group IVA of the periodic system, aw
118.69, valences of 2, 4; 10 isotopes. | [Appearance]
Tin is a gray to almost silver-white, ductile, malleable, lustrous metal. | [Melting point ]
231.9 °C(lit.)
| [Boiling point ]
2270 °C(lit.)
| [density ]
7.3
| [vapor pressure ]
1Pa at 1223.85℃ | [Fp ]
2270°C | [storage temp. ]
Store at +5°C to +30°C. | [solubility ]
H2O: soluble
| [form ]
wire
| [color ]
Silvery-gray | [Specific Gravity]
7.31 | [Stability:]
Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents. Highly flammable as a powder. Can, in powder form, lead to dust explosions. Moisture sensitive. | [Resistivity]
11 μΩ-cm, 20°C | [Water Solubility ]
reacts slowly with cold dilute HCl, dilute HNO3, hot dilute H2SO4; readily with conc HCl, aqua regia [MER06] | [Crystal Structure]
Cubic, Alpha-Tin; Diamond Structure - Space Group Fd3m | [Merck ]
13,9523 | [Exposure limits]
ACGIH: Ceiling 2 ppm
OSHA: Ceiling 5 ppm(7 mg/m3)
NIOSH: IDLH 50 ppm; Ceiling 5 ppm(7 mg/m3) | [InChIKey]
OLGIDLDDXHSYFE-UHFFFAOYSA-N | [History]
Known to the ancients. Tin is found chiefly
in cassiterite (SnO2). Most of the world’s supply comes from
China, Indonesia, Peru, Brazil, and Bolivia. The U.S. produces
almost none, although occurrences have been found in Alaska
and Colorado. Tin is obtained by reducing the ore with coal
in a reverberatory furnace. Ordinary tin is composed of ten
stable isotopes; thirty-six unstable isotopes and isomers are
also known. Ordinary tin is a silver-white metal, is malleable,
somewhat ductile, and has a highly crystalline structure. Due
to the breaking of these crystals, a “tin cry” is heard when a
bar is bent. The element has two allotropic forms at normal
pressure. On warming, gray, or α tin, with a cubic structure,
changes at 13.2°C into white, or β tin, the ordinary form of the
metal. White tin has a tetragonal structure. When tin is cooled
below 13.2°C, it changes slowly from white to gray. This change
is affected by impurities such as aluminum and zinc, and can
be prevented by small additions of antimony or bismuth. This
change from the α to β form is called the tin pest. Tin–lead
alloys are used to make organ pipes. There are few if any uses for gray tin. Tin takes a high polish and is used to coat other
metals to prevent corrosion or other chemical action. Such
tin plate over steel is used in the so-called tin can for preserving
food. Alloys of tin are very important. Soft solder, type
metal, fusible metal, pewter, bronze, bell metal, Babbitt metal,
white metal, die casting alloy, and phosphor bronze are some
of the important alloys using tin. Tin resists distilled sea and
soft tap water, but is attacked by strong acids, alkalis, and acid
salts. Oxygen in solution accelerates the attack. When heated
in air, tin forms SnO2, which is feebly acid, forming stannate
salts with basic oxides. The most important salt is the chloride
(SnCl2 · H2O), which is used as a reducing agent and as a mordant
in calico printing. Tin salts sprayed onto glass are used
to produce electrically conductive coatings. These have been
used for panel lighting and for frost-free windshields. Most
window glass is now made by floating molten glass on molten
tin (float glass) to produce a flat surface (Pilkington process).
Of recent interest is a crystalline tin–niobium alloy that is superconductive
at very low temperatures. This promises to be
important in the construction of superconductive magnets
that generate enormous field strengths but use practically no
power. Such magnets, made of tin–niobium wire, weigh but
a few pounds and produce magnetic fields that, when started
with a small battery, are comparable to that of a 100 ton electromagnet
operated continuously with a large power supply.
The small amount of tin found in canned foods is quite harmless.
The agreed limit of tin content in U.S. foods is 300 mg/kg.
The trialkyl and triaryl tin compounds are used as biocides
and must be handled carefully. Over the past 25 years the
price of commercial tin has varied from 50￠/lb ($1.10/kg) to
about $6/kg. Tin (99.99% pure) costs about $260/kg. | [CAS DataBase Reference]
7440-31-5(CAS DataBase Reference) | [EPA Substance Registry System]
Tin (7440-31-5) |
| Hazard Information | Back Directory | [Chemical Properties]
silver-white to grey powder or lump | [Chemical Properties]
Tin is a gray to almost silver-white, ductile, malleable, lustrous metal. | [Uses]
Chiefly for tin-plating and manufacture of food, beverage and aerosol containers, soldering alloys, babbitt and type metals, manufacture of tin salts, collapsible tubes, coating for copper wire. Principle component in pewter. Alloys as dental materials (silver-tin-mercury), nuclear reactor components (tin-zirconium), aircraft components (tin-titanium), bronze (copper-tin), brass. | [General Description]
White TIN(7440-31-5) is an almost silver-white, ductile, malleable, lustrous solid. Mp 232°C; bp: 2507°C. Density: 7.3 g cm-3. Pure white TIN(7440-31-5) becomes non-metallic powdery gray TIN(7440-31-5) if held for a sustained period at temperatures less than 13°C. | [Hazard]
All organic tin compounds are toxic. Eye
and upper respiratory tract irritant, headache, nausea,
central nervous system and immune effects.
Questionable carcinogen. | [Reactivity Profile]
TIN is a reducing agent. Stable in massive form in air, but oxidizes (corrodes) in air as a powder, especially in the presence of water. Dissolve slowly in dilute strong acids in the cold. Dissolves in hot aqueous KOH and other strongly basic solutions. Incompatible with acids and base. Incompatible with chlorine and turpentine. | [Potential Exposure]
The most important use of tin is as a protective coating for other metals, such as in the food and beverage canning industry; in roofing tiles; silverware, coated wire; household utensils; electronic components; and pistons. Common tin alloys are phosphor bronze; light brass; gun metal; high tensile brass; manganese bronze; die-casting alloys; bearing metals; type metal; and pewter. These are used as soft solders, fillers in automobile bodies; and as coatings for hydraulic brake parts; aircraft landing gear and engine parts. Metallic tin is used in the manufacture of collapsible tubes and foil for packaging. Exposures to tin may occur in mining, smelting, and refining; and in the production and use of tin alloys and solders. Inorganic tin compounds are important industrially in the production of ceramics; porcelain, enamel, glass; and inks; in the production of fungicides; anthelmintics, insecticides; as a stabilizer it is used in polyvinyl plastics and chlorinated rubber paints; and it is used in plating baths. | [First aid]
If this chemical gets into the eyes, remove any contact lenses at once and irrigate immediately for at least 15 minutes, occasionally lifting upper and lower lids. Seek medical attention immediately. If this chemical contacts the skin, remove contaminated clothing and wash immediately with soap and water. Seek medical attention immediately. If this chemical has been inhaled, remove from exposure, begin rescue breathing (using universal precautions, including resuscitation mask) if breathing has stopped and CPR if heart action has stopped. Transfer promptly to a medical facility. When this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention. Give large quantities of water and induce vomiting. Do not make an unconscious person vomit. | [Shipping]
UN3089 Metal powders, flammable, n.o.s., Hazard Class: 4.1; Labels: 4.1-Flammable solid. | [Incompatibilities]
TIN is a reducing agent. Stable in bulk form in air, but as powder it corrodes (oxidizes) in air, especially in the presence of moisture. Keep away from strong oxidizers (chlorates, nitrates, peroxides, permanganates, perchlorates, chlorine, bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact may cause fires or explosions. Incompatible with acids, alkalies, bases, chlorine, turpentine; reacts violently with acetic aldehyde, ammonium nitrate, ammonium perchlorate, hexachloroethane. Strong reducing agents may react violently with halogens, bromine fluoride, chlorine trifluoride, copper nitrate, disulfur dichloride, nitrosyl fluoride, potassium dioxide, sodium peroxide, sulfur, and other chemicals. May form explosive compounds with hexachloroethane, pentachloroethane, picric acid, potassium iodate, potassium peroxide, 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene-1,3,5-triol. | [Description]
Tin has a long, colorful history. The extraction and use of tin
began during the Bronze Age around 3000 BC when early
craftsmen discovered that bronze – a noncorrosive metal that is
extremely hard and strong enough to be used for spears,
swords, arrows, and other especially important objects at that
time – could be produced by smelting tin with copper. Tin is
also the primary constituent of pewter. Long ago, people
developed the belief that trace amounts of tin seemed to help
prevent fatigue and depression, and that drinking out of tin
cups could help combat these ailments. Tin toys, tin coated
cans, and tin roofs have also enjoyed great popularity in
the past. | [Isotopes]
There are 49 isotopes of tin, 10 of which are stable and range from Sn-112to Sn-124. Taken together, all 10 stable isotopes make up the natural abundance of tinfound on Earth. The remaining 39 isotopes are radioactive and are produced artificially innuclear reactors. Their half-lives range from 190 milliseconds to 1×10+5 years. | [Origin of Name]
The name “tin” is thought to be related to the pre-Roman Etruscan god
Tinia, and the chemical symbol (Sn) comes from stannum, the Latin word for tin. | [Occurrence]
Tin is the 49th most abundant element found in the Earth’s crust. Although tin is nota rare element, it accounts for about 0.001% of the Earth’s crust. It is found in deposits inMalaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Bolivia, Congo, Nigeria, and China. Today, most tin is minedas the mineral ore cassiterite (SnO2), also known as tinstone, in Malaysia. Cassiterite is tin’smain ore. There are no significant deposits found in the United States, but small deposits arefound on the southeast coast of England. To extract tin from cassiterite, the ore is “roasted” ina furnace in the presence of carbon, thereby reducing the metal from the slag. | [Characteristics]
Although tin is located in group 14 as a metalloid, it retains one of the main characteristicsof metals: in reacting with other elements, it gives up electrons, forming positive ions just asdo all metals.
Tin has a relatively low melting point (about 231°C or 4,715°F), and it reacts with someacids and strong alkalis, but not with hot water. Its resistance to corrosion is the main characteristicthat makes it a useful metal.
There is an interesting historical event related to the two main allotropes of tin. At temperaturesbelow 13 degrees centigrade, “white” tin is slowly transformed into “gray” tin, whichis unstable at low temperatures, and during the brutally cold winter of 1850 in Russia, thetin buttons sewn on soldiers’ uniforms crumbled as the tin changed forms. In the 1800s, tinwas also widely used for pots, pans, drinking cups, and dinner flatware. However, at very lowtemperatures, these implements also disintegrated as their chemical structure was altered. | [Production Methods]
Tin is relatively rare, composing only about 0.0006% in the
earth’s crust. The major tin ore is cassiterite, a naturally
occurring tin (IV) oxide (SnO2). The other major tin-containing
minerals are stannate, teallite, cylindrite, and canfieldite
that are sulfides of tin. | [Purification Methods]
Tin powder is purified by adding it to about twice its weight of 10% aqueousNaOH and shaking vigorously for 10minutes. (This removes oxide film and stearic acid or similar material that is sometimes added for pulverisation.) It is then filtered, washed with water until the washings are no longer alkaline to litmus, rinsed with MeOH and dried in air. [Sisido et al. J Am Chem Soc 83 538 1961.] | [Health Hazard]
Inorganic tin salts are irritants
of the eyes and skin.
No systemic effects have been reported
from industrial exposure. Some inorganic tin
compounds can cause skin or eye irritation
because of acid or alkaline reaction produced
with water. Tin tetrachloride, stannous chloride,
and stannous sulfate are strong acids;
sodium and potassium stannate are strong alkalies. | [Flammability and Explosibility]
Nonflammable | [Industrial uses]
Hot-dip coatings can be applied to fabricatedparts made of mild and alloy steels, cast iron,and copper and copper alloys to improveappearance and corrosion resistance. Like zinc,the coatings consist of two layers — a relativelypure outer layer and an intermediate alloy layer.
An invisible surface film of stannic oxideis formed during exposure, which helps toretard, but does not completely prevent, corrosion.The coatings have good resistance to tarnishingand staining indoors, and in most rural,marine, and industrial atmospheres. They alsoresist foods. Corrosion resistance in all casescan be markedly improved by increasing thicknessand controlling porosity. Typical applicationswhere they can be used are milk cans,condenser and transformer cans, food and beveragecontainers, and various items of sanitaryequipment such as cast iron mincing machinesand grinders. | [Carcinogenicity]
Limited animal testing with stannous chloride
has not revealed evidence of carcinogenic
potential. Mixed results have been observed in
genotoxic assays. | [Environmental Fate]
Tin is a naturally occurring element in the earth’s crust with
~2–3 ppm in concentration and found in environmental
media in both organic and inorganic forms. Tin may be
released to the environment from natural and anthropogenic
sources. The most significant releases of tin are from burning of
fossil fuels and industrial production and use of tin. Tin compounds are generally only sparingly soluble in water and
are likely to partition to soils, sediments, and possibly to
aquatic organisms. Inorganic tin cannot be degraded in the
environment, but may undergo redox reaction, ligand
exchange, and precipitation reactions. Inorganic tin can be
transformed into organometallic forms through the microbial
methylation process. Degradation of organotin compounds
involves the breaking of the tin–carbon bond through UV
irradiation or biological and chemical cleavage. The speciation
of organotin compounds is pH-dependent. In sediment,
organotins are generally persistent. Photodegradation of
organotins may occur at relatively slow rates. Hydrolysis is
considered insignificant. Organotin compounds may be
significantly bioconcentrated by aquatic organisms. Tin has
been historically used in antifouling paints and coatings for
the bottom of boats, but this has been discontinued because
of its extreme toxicity to marine organisms.
A bioconcentration factor (BCF) relates the concentration
of a chemical in plants and animals to the concentration of
the chemical in the medium in which they live. It was estimated
that the BCFs of inorganic tin were 100, 1000, and
3000 for marine and freshwater plants, invertebrates, and fish.
Marine algae can bioconcentrate stannic tin by a factor of
1900. The BCF of tributyltin was estimated to be 473, but
measured BCFs were always higher. Bioconcentration factors
for bis(tributyltin)oxide with marine oysters were measured as
2300–11 400. Seven-day BCFs were derived for seven organotin
compounds for muscle, liver, kidney, and vertebra tissue
of carp. The BCFs ranged from 12 to 5012; the highest factors
were found for tributyltins. However, these factors were not
based on steady-state conditions, and may be low estimates.
No information was obtained on the food chain and biomagnification
of inorganic or organic tin. | [Toxicity evaluation]
All organic tin compounds, including trimethyltin, triethyltin,
and tributyltin compounds, have the ability to cause damages
to the structure of Vitamin B12 depletion of methyl group
necessary for DNA and RNA reactions. Due to lipophilicity,
organotin compounds may affect lipid bilayers by altering
membrane fluidity where it is an initial site of activation. Thus,
these compounds can bind to proteins and inhibit mitochondrial
oxidative phosphorylation (hydrolysis of adenosine
triphosphate) and brain glucose oxidation and are toxic. Very
little data are available on inorganic tin. |
| Safety Data | Back Directory | [Hazard Codes ]
Xi,F | [Risk Statements ]
R36/37/38:Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin .
R36/37:Irritating to eyes and respiratory system .
R11:Highly Flammable.
R36/38:Irritating to eyes and skin . | [Safety Statements ]
S26:In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice .
S24/25:Avoid contact with skin and eyes .
S22:Do not breathe dust .
S36/37/39:Wear suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye/face protection .
S33:Take precautionary measures against static discharges .
S16:Keep away from sources of ignition-No smoking .
S36/37:Wear suitable protective clothing and gloves . | [RIDADR ]
UN 3264 8/PG 2
| [WGK Germany ]
1
| [RTECS ]
XP7320000
| [F ]
10 | [TSCA ]
Yes | [HazardClass ]
4.1 | [PackingGroup ]
III | [HS Code ]
80070080 | [Safety Profile]
An inhalation hazard.
Questionable carcinogen with experimental
tumorigenic data by implant route.
Combustible in the form of dust when
exposed to heat or by spontaneous chemical
reaction with Br2, BrF3, Cl2, ClF3, Cu(NO3),
K2O2, S. See also POWDERED METALS
and TIN COMPOUNDS. | [Hazardous Substances Data]
7440-31-5(Hazardous Substances Data) |
| Raw materials And Preparation Products | Back Directory | [Raw materials]
Ammonium chloride-->Hydrogen-->Stannic oxide | [Preparation Products]
Stannous chloride dihydrate-->Tin tetrachloride-->STANNOUS CHLORIDE-->ethyl 2-(4-chloroquinazolin-7-yloxy)acetate-->4-chloroquinazolin-7-ol-->Sodium tetrafluoroborate-->4-Aminobenzamidine dihydrochloride-->4-(BROMOMETHYL)-2,1,3-BENZOTHIADIAZOLE-->7-hydroxyquinazolin-4(3H)-one-->NAPHTHOL AS-BI PHOSPHATE-->Fenbutatin oxide-->4-hydroxy-2-nitrobenzoic acid-->2-Chloro-1,4-diaminobenzene-->6-HYDROXY-2-NAPHTHALENEBORONIC ACID-->Dibutyltin oxide-->Stannic oxide-->Stannous octoate-->6-Methoxy-2-naphthaldehyde-->Azocyclotin-->Azocyclotin suspensoid-->Pirenoxine-->2-(Thien-2-yl)pyrrolidine-->4-THIOPHEN-2-YLPHENYLAMINE-->6-ETHOXY-2-MERCAPTOBENZOTHIAZOLE-->Stannous sulfate-->3,4-DIAMINOTHIOPHENE DIHYDROCHLORIDE-->Azocyclotin W.P.-->Metastannic acid-->2,3,5-TRIMETHYL-1,4-BENZENE DIAMINE-->5,7-dichlorooxazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidine-->Methyltin mercaptide-->Tin fluoroborate-->Chlorotriphenyltin-->2,4,5-Trimethoxyaniline-->TIN(II) OXIDE |
| Questions And Answer | Back Directory | [Introduction]
Tin is known from ancient times. Its alloy, bronze, containing 10 to 15% tin has been in use in weapons and tools for millennia.
The most important mineral of tin is cassiterite, SnO2. It occurs in the form of alluvial sand. Also, it is found embedded in granite rocks. Other tin-bearing minerals are stannite and tealite. Abundance of tin in the earth’s crust is estimated to be 2.3 mg/kg. Tin is used for plating steel to make “tin cans” for preserving food. Also, tin is coated over other metals to prevent corrosion. An important application of tin is to produce float glass, made by floating molten glass on molten tin which is used for windows. A number of tin alloys have wide industrial applications and include bronze, solder, Babbit metal, White metal, type metal, fusible metal, and phosphor bronze. A tin-niobium alloy that is superconducting at low temperatures is used in constructing super magnets. Tin also is in wrapping foil and collapsible tube.
| [Chemical Properties]
Tin is a ductile, malleable, lustrous solid with a gray to almost silver-white color. Tin forms covalent bonds with carbon forming a variety of organometallic or organotin compounds, and the physical and chemical properties differ for various compounds such as Tin II (SnO) and Tin IV (SnO2), organotins, and inorganic tin compounds. Tin compounds are generally insoluble in water and have vapor pressures of approximately 0mmHg. Tin is not easily oxidized and resists corrosion; however, powdered tin has a tendency to oxidize, especially at high humidity.
| [Physical Properties]
Silvery-white metal at ordinary temperature; slowly changes to gray below 13.2°C; soft, malleable, and somewhat ductile; Brinell hardness 2.9. Tin has two allotropic forms: (1) white tin, the beta form, and (2) gray tin, the alpha form. The white tin (beta form) has a tetragonal structure. When cooled below 13.2°C, its color slowly changes from white to gray, the beta allotrope converting to alpha (gray tin). The presence of small amounts of antimony or bismuth prevents this transformation from white to gray tin. Other impurities such as zinc or aluminum promote change from white to gray tin.
Some other physical properties are: density 7.28 g/cm3 (white), 5.75 g/cm3 (gray) and 6.97 g/cm3 (liquid at the melting point); melts at 231.9°C; vaporizes at 2,602°C; electrical resistivity 11.0 and 15.5 microhm-cm at 0 and 100°C, respectively; viscosity 1.91 and 1.38 centipoise at 240 and 400°C, respectively; surface tension 5.26 and 5.18 dynes/cm at 300 and 400°C, respectively; modulus of elasticity 6 – 6.5x106 cgs psi; magnetic suspectibility 0.027x10–6 cgs units; thermal neutron absorption cross section 0.625 barns; insoluble in water; soluble in HCl, H2SO4, aqua regia, and alkalies; slightly soluble in dilute nitric acid.
| [Uses]
Tin is primarily produced from the ore cassiterite (SnO2). It has a variety of industrial and domestic uses; its usefulness stems from its pliability and ability to readily form compounds and alloys with other metals, inorganic compounds, and organic compounds. Tin metal is used to line cans for storing and transporting food, beverages, and aerosols. Bronze is an alloy of tin and copper; pewter is an alloy of tin with various amounts of antimony, copper, bismuth, and sometimes lead. Soldering compounds are made with tin alloys. Inorganic tin is used in making toothpaste, perfumes, soaps, coloring agents, food additives, dyes, and in the glass industry.
Tributyltin is used as a slime control in paper mills, for disinfection of circulating industrial cooling waters, as antifouling agents, and in the preservation of wood. Tributyltin, triphenyltin, and tricyclohexyltin are used in agriculture as fungicides, anti-helminthics, miticides, herbicides, nematocides, ovicides, molluscicides, ascaricides, pesticides, in industry as biocides, and as antifouling agents for large ship bottoms and fishery farm nets. In the past, several organometallic metallocene complexes of tin have been identified as having antitumor activity. Tin protoporphyrin has been used to treat acute hepatic porphyria. Niobium– tin compounds are used to build superconducting magnets. | [Production]
Tin is produced commercially from mineral cassiterite, SnO2. The mineral is mined from alluvial sand deposits by different techniques, such as various dredging (usually applied to low-grade deposits), gravel-pump mining (on level ground), and open-pit mining. The ore is broken up mechanically by blasting and drilling. It then is crushed and ground to produce finely divided material that can be separated by gravity concentration and froth flotation. Tin concentrates so obtained require removal of sulfide before smelting. This is done by roasting concentrates at high temperatures which removes both sulfur and arsenic. Lead sulfide is converted to lead sulfate but all other associated metal sulfides, such as those of iron, copper, zinc, and bismuth, are converted to oxides.
Tin is produced from oxide by heating at high temperatures with carbon. Small amounts of limestone and sand are added to coal for this reduction and to promote removal of impurities. Primary smelting is carried out in a reverbaratory furnace at a temperature between 1,200 to 1,300°C. Electric arc furnaces also are used. The molten tin collected at the bottom is cast into slabs. The slags are resmelted at a higher temperature, up to 1,480°, in the same type of furnaces to recover more tin that is combined as silicates.
Tin obtained above contains small amounts of impurities. It is purified by resmelting in a small reverberatory furnace at a temperature just above the melting point of tin. The molten tin is drawn out, separating iron, copper, arsenic, antimony, and other metals. Purified tin is further refined by boiling or polling processes to remove traces of impurity metals, such as lead and bismuth.
| [Reactions]
At ordinary temperatures tin is stable in air. It actually forms a very thin protective oxide film. In powder form, and especially in the presence of moisture, it oxidizes. When heated with oxygen it forms tin(IV) oxide, SnO2.Tin reacts with all halogens forming their halides. Reaction with fluorine is slow at ordinary temperatures; however, chlorine, bromine and iodine readily react with the metal.
Tin is attacked by concentrated acids. With dilute acids the reaction may be slow or very slow. The metal readily reacts with hot concentrated hydrochloric acid and aqua regia but slowly with cold dilute hydrochloric acid. The reaction also is slow with hot dilute sulfuric acid, which dissolves the metal, particularly in the presence of an oxidizing agent. The reaction with nitric acid is generally slow. Hot concentrated acid converts the metal to an insoluble hydrated tin(IV) oxide. The reaction is rapid with moist sulfur dioxide or sulfurous acid, chlorosulfonic, and pyrosulfuric acids. Organic acids such as, acetic, oxalic, and citric acids react slowly with the metal, particularly in the presence of air or an oxidizing agent.
Strong alkaline solutions of caustic soda or caustic potash dissolve tin forming the stannate, Na2SnO3, or K2SnO3. The metal is stable in dilute solutions of ammonia or sodium carbonate.
Tin dissolves in solutions of oxidizing salts such as potassium chlorate or potassium persulfate. The metal does not react with neutral salts in aqueous solutions. In air, tin reacts slowly with neutral salts.
The metal does not combine directly with hydrogen, nitrogen or ammonia gas.
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