D(+)-Trehalose dihydrate Chemische Eigenschaften,Einsatz,Produktion Methoden
R-Sätze Betriebsanweisung:
R38:Reizt die Haut.
R36/37/38:Reizt die Augen, die Atmungsorgane und die Haut.
S-Sätze Betriebsanweisung:
S37/39:Bei der Arbeit geeignete Schutzhandschuhe und Schutzbrille/Gesichtsschutz tragen.
S26:Bei Berührung mit den Augen sofort gründlich mit Wasser abspülen und Arzt konsultieren.
Beschreibung
Trehalose is a natural non-reducing disaccharide composed of two α-glucose units. It is found in all major groups of organisms except vertebrates, has biological functions as an osmolyte, storage reserve, and stress protectant, and has diverse commercial applications. Trehalose can also induce or enhance autophagy.
Chemische Eigenschaften
white to off-white crystalline powder
Verwenden
D-(+)-Trehalose is a disaccharide composed of two α-glucose units. D-(+)-Trehalose is used in many processed foods as well as in biopharmaceutical monoclonal antibody formulations. D-(+)-Trehalose is
also used as a protein stabilize.
Vorbereitung Methode
Trehalose is prepared from liquefied starch by a multistep enzymatic
process. The commercial product is the dihydrate.
Allgemeine Beschreibung
Trehalose is a naturally occurring disaccharide which is used as a nontoxic cryoprotectant of enzymes, membranes and vaccines. It serves as a carbohydrate reserve in microorganisms and protects them from adverse conditions.
Pharmazeutische Anwendungen
D(+)-Trehalose dihydrate is used for the lyoprotection of therapeutic proteins,
particularly for parenteral administration. Other pharmaceutically
relevant applications include use as an excipient for diagnostic assay
tablets; for stabilization during the freeze–thaw and lyophilization
of liposomes; and for stabilization of blood cells,
cosmetics, and monoclonal antibodies. Trehalose may also be
used in formulations for topical application.
Sicherheit(Safety)
Trehalose is used in cosmetics, foods, and parenteral and
nonparenteral pharmaceutical formulations. It is generally regarded
as a relatively nontoxic and nonirritant material when used as an
excipient.
In the gut, trehalose is rapidly metabolized to glucose by the
specific enzyme trehalase. A small minority of the population
exhibits a primary (hereditary) or secondary (acquired) trehalase
deficiency and thus may experience intestinal discomfort after
ingestion of excessive amounts of trehalose owing to the osmotic
activity of undigested trehalose in the gut. However, smaller
amounts of trehalose are tolerated by such individuals without
any symptoms.
Trehalose is used as a sweetener and is reported to have
substantially less cariogenic potential than sucrose.
LD50 (dog, IV): >1 g/kg
LD50 (dog, oral): >5 g/kg
LD50 (mouse, IV): >1 g/kg
LD50 (mouse, oral): >5 g/kg
LD50 (rat, IV): >1 g/kg
LD50 (rat, oral): >5 g/kg
Lager
Trehalose is a relatively stable material. At 60°C for 5 hours it loses
not more than 1.5% w/w of water (the dihydrate water of crystallization is retained). Open stored powder may liquefy at high
relative humidity (≥90%).
Trehalose should be stored in a cool, dry place in a well-sealed
container.
läuterung methode
α,α-D(+)-Trehalose crystallises (as the dihydrate) from aqueous EtOH. Dry it at 13o. For the anhydrous compound dissolve 10g in pyridine (200mL) and distil off this solvent at atmospheric pressure, and when the temperature rises to 115.3o all the H2O is removed and 73mL of distillate is collected. Most of the anhydrous material crystallises out at this stage. The crystals are collected (6.8g), washed with Et2O to give 6.1g of anhydrous product. Higher yields are obtained by slightly more prolonged distillation. [Birch J Chem Soc 3489 1965, X-ray cryst: Brown et al. Acta Cryst 28 3145 1972, Beilstein 17/8 V 3.]
Inkompatibilitäten
Trehalose is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, especially in
the presence of heat.
Regulatory Status
GRAS listed. In the UK trehalose may be used in certain food
applications. Included in parenteral and nonparenteral investigational
formulations.
D(+)-Trehalose dihydrate Upstream-Materialien And Downstream Produkte
Upstream-Materialien
Downstream Produkte
