Quecksilber Chemische Eigenschaften,Einsatz,Produktion Methoden
ERSCHEINUNGSBILD
GERUCHLOSES, SCHWERES UND BEWEGLICHES, SILBERFARBENES FLüSSIGMETALL.
CHEMISCHE GEFAHREN
Beim Erhitzen bilden sich giftige Rauche. Reagiert heftig mit Ammoniak und Halogenen. Feuer- und Explosionsgefahr! Greift Aluminium und viele andere Metalle unter Bildung von Amalgamen an.
ARBEITSPLATZGRENZWERTE
TLV: 0.025 mg/m?(als TWA); Hautresorption; Krebskategorie A4 (nicht klassifizierbar als krebserzeugend für den Menschen); BEI vorhanden; (ACGIH 2005).
MAK: 0.1 mg/m? Sensibilisierung der Haut; Spitzenbegrenzung: überschreitungsfaktor: II(8); Krebserzeugend Kategorie: 3B; (DFG 2005).
AUFNAHMEWEGE
Aufnahme in den Körper durch Inhalation der Dämpfe und über die Haut, auch als Dampf!
INHALATIONSGEFAHREN
Beim Verdampfen bei 20 °C kann sehr schnell eine gesundheitsschädliche Kontamination der Luft eintreten.
WIRKUNGEN BEI KURZZEITEXPOSITION
WIRKUNGEN BEI KURZZEITEXPOSITION: Die Substanz reizt die Haut. Inhalation der Dämpfe kann zu Lungenentzündung führen. Möglich sind Auswirkungen auf Zentralnervensystem und Nieren. Die Auswirkungen treten u.U. verzögert ein. ärztliche Beobachtung notwendig.
LECKAGE
Im Fall einer großen verschütteten Menge Gefahrenbereich verlassen! Fachmann zu Rate ziehen! Belüftung. Ausgelaufene Flüssigkeit möglichst in abdichtbaren nichtmetallischen Behältern sammeln. NICHT in die Kanalisation spülen. NICHT in die Umwelt gelangen lassen. Chemikalienschutzanzug mit umgebungsluftunabhängigem Atemschutzgerät.
R-Sätze Betriebsanweisung:
R25:Giftig beim Verschlucken.
R48/21/22:Gesundheitsschädlich: Gefahr ernster Gesundheitsschäden bei längerer Exposition durch Berührung mit der Haut und durch Verschlucken.
R51/53:Giftig für Wasserorganismen, kann in Gewässern längerfristig schädliche Wirkungen haben.
R50/53:Sehr giftig für Wasserorganismen, kann in Gewässern längerfristig schädliche Wirkungen haben.
R33:Gefahr kumulativer Wirkungen.
R23:Giftig beim Einatmen.
R20/21/22:Gesundheitsschädlich beim Einatmen,Verschlucken und Berührung mit der Haut.
R34:Verursacht Verätzungen.
R36/37/38:Reizt die Augen, die Atmungsorgane und die Haut.
R23/24/25:Giftig beim Einatmen, Verschlucken und Berührung mit der Haut.
S-Sätze Betriebsanweisung:
S7:Behälter dicht geschlossen halten.
S45:Bei Unfall oder Unwohlsein sofort Arzt zuziehen (wenn möglich, dieses Etikett vorzeigen).
S60:Dieses Produkt und sein Behälter sind als gefährlicher Abfall zu entsorgen.
S61:Freisetzung in die Umwelt vermeiden. Besondere Anweisungen einholen/Sicherheitsdatenblatt zu Rate ziehen.
S36:DE: Bei der Arbeit geeignete Schutzkleidung tragen.
S36/37/39:Bei der Arbeit geeignete Schutzkleidung,Schutzhandschuhe und Schutzbrille/Gesichtsschutz tragen.
S26:Bei Berührung mit den Augen sofort gründlich mit Wasser abspülen und Arzt konsultieren.
S36/37:Bei der Arbeit geeignete Schutzhandschuhe und Schutzkleidung tragen.
Beschreibung
Elemental mercury, a silver-white metal, is also known
‘quicksilver’ or ‘hydrargyrum.’ Mercury has been discovered in
Egyptian tombs dating as far back as 1500 BC. The chemical
symbol, Hg, is derived from the Greek word hydrargyros,
meaning ‘water silver.’ Mercury was known in antiquity and
used by alchemists. Its neurological effects were recognized
early, and its use in the hat-making trade gave rise to the phrase
‘mad as a hatter.’ Mercury has been used commercially and
medically for centuries. In the past it was a common constituent
of many medications, for example, it was used in the
treatment of syphilis. Use of mercury has been drastically
reduced in recent years. Within the twentieth century, mercury
used to be in every physician’s or pharmacist’s armamentarium,
for example, calomel was commonly used in infant
teething powders in the 1930s and 1940s.
Chemische Eigenschaften
Mercury is a silvery, mobile, odorless, extremely heavy liquid , sometimes found native. Insoluble in hydrochloric acid; soluble in sulfuric acid upon boiling; readily soluble in nitric acid; insoluble in water, alcohol, and ether; soluble in lipids; extremely high surface tension.
History
The name of Hg derives from the Roman god “Mercury”, the nimble messenger of the gods, since the ancients used that name for the element, which was known from prehistoric times. The name mercury originated in 6th-century alchemy, in which the symbol of the planet was used to represent the metal; the chemical symbol Hg derives from the Latin hydrargyrum, “liquid silver or quick silver.” Although its toxicity was recognized at an early date, its main application was for medical purposes.
Verwenden
Amalgams, catalyst, electrical apparatus, cathodes for production of chlorine and caustic soda,
instruments (thermometers, barometers, etc.), mercury vapor lamps, extractive metallurgy, mirror
coating, arc lamps, boilers, coolant, and neutron
absorber in nuclear power plants.
Definition
Metallic element of atomic
number 80, group IIB of the periodic table, aw
200.59, valences = 1,2; 4 stable isotopes and 12
artificially radioactive isotopes.
Vorbereitung Methode
Mercury is mined primarily in underground mines as the
metal or as the red sulfide cinnabar (HgS). Like HgO, the
sulfide decomposes at higher temperatures. Heating of the ore and condensation of the mercury vapor constitute a
convenient procedure for reducing, extracting, and purifying
mercury from its ore. In the United States, mercury is
produced primarily from secondary sources; this involves
recycling a variety of industrial waste products. A survey in
1980 conducted by the U.S. National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health suggested that about 70,000 workers
were exposed to mercury and its compounds; the majority of
these exposures involves mercury vapor. However, this number
has probably already decreased considerably, and occupational
mercury vapor exposure has now become fairly rare
in industrialized countries. On the other hand, numbers of
workers exposed to mercury vapor from informal mining in
developing countries has increased disproportionally and is
causing health risks to workers and their families, including
children.
Allgemeine Beschreibung
An odorless, silvery metallic liquid. Insoluble in water. Toxic by ingestion, absorption and inhalation of the fumes. Corrosive to aluminum. Used as a catalyst in instruments, boilers, mirror coatings.
Reaktivität anzeigen
MERCURY forms an explosive acelylide when mixed with acetylene. Can form explosive compounds with ammonia (a residue resulting from such a reaction exploded when an attempt was made to clean MERCURY off a steel rod [Chem. Eng. News 25:2138. 1947]. Chlorine dioxide (also other oxidants, such as: chlorine, bromine, nitric acid, performic acid), and MERCURY explode when mixed [Mellor 2, Supp. 1:381. 1956]. Methyl azide in the presence of MERCURY is potentially explosive [Can. J. Chem. 41:1048. 1963]. Ground mixtures of sodium carbide and MERCURY can react vigorously [Mellor 5:848. 1946-47]. Ammonia forms explosive compounds with gold, MERCURY, or silver. (Eggeman, Tim. mmonia Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2001.).
Hazard
Central nervous system impairment,
peripheral nervous system impairment, and kidney damage. (1) Mercury, metallic: Highly toxic
by skin absorption and inhalation of fume or vapor,
absorbed by respiratory and intestinal tract. FDA
permits zero addition to
Health Hazard
Mercury is a non-specific toxin, attacking many of the body s systems. At low levels of exposure, symptoms are mainly related to nerve and brain function and include memory loss, mood instability, tremor, and other stress-like symptoms: poor coordination, headache, and visual and hearing problems. Recently, reproductive health has been shown to be affected, with abnormalities in menstrual cycle, poor outcome of pregnancy, and subfertility in both men and women. The immune system is also damaged by mercury exposure.
Brandgefahr
Behavior in Fire: Not flammable
Flammability and Explosibility
Mercury is not combustible.
Sicherheitsprofil
Poison by inhalation.
Human systemic effects by inhalation:
wakefulness, muscle weakness, anorexia,
headache, tinnitus, hypermotihty, darrhea,
liver changes, dermatitis, fever. An
experimental teratogen. Experimental
reproductive effects. Questionable carcinogen with experimental tumorigenic
data. Human mutation data reported. Used
in dental applications, electronics, and
chemical synthesis.
bromopropyne, alkynes + silver perchlorate,
ethylene oxide, lithium, methylsilane +
oxygen (explodes when shaken), peroxyformic acid, chlorine dioxide, tetracarbonylnickel + oxygen. May react with ammonia to
form an explosive product. Mixtures with
methyl azide are shockand spark-sensitive
explosives. The vapor iptes on contact
with boron diiodophosphide. Reacts
violently with acetylenic compounds (e.g.,
acetylene, sodmm acetylide, 2-butyne-l,4
do1 + acid), metals (e.g., aluminum, calcium,
potassium, sodium, rubidium, exothermic
formation of amalgams), Cl2, ClO2, CH3N3,
NazCz, nitromethane. Incompatible with
methyl azide, oxidants. When heated to
decomposition it emits toxic fumes of Hg.
See also MERCURY COMPOUNDS.
mögliche Exposition
Mercury is used as a catalyst, in dental
applications; and in pharmaceuticals; as a liquid cathode in
cells for the electrolytic production of caustic and chlorine.
It is used in electrical apparatus (lamps, rectifiers, and batteries) and in control instruments (switches, thermometers,
and barometers)
Carcinogenicity
There is no conclusive evidence from epidemiological
studies that mercury increases
cancer risk in humans.12 In the few studies in
which increases have been reported, concomitant
exposure to other known carcinogens has
confounded the results. The IARC has determined
that there is inadequate evidence in
humans for the carcinogenicity of mercury and
mercury compounds.12 In animals there is inadequate
evidence for carcinogenicity of metallic
mercury and limited evidence for the carcinogenicity
of mercuric chloride.
Environmental Fate
Mercury cycles through various environmental phases by exchange from ground to air and back again. Metallic and dimethylmercury, which are volatile, will be released as mercury vapor that can travel long distances before being redeposited. When found in surface waters and soils it will degas into the surrounding air where natural currents and winds spread the materials until they are deposited back on the surface waters and soils. The majority of mercury returned to the soil or water is by wet partition and accounts for almost all of the mercury found in lakes with no other input source. Inert mercury will deposit bound to particulates in aerosols. Once deposited, mercury must adsorb to soil or sediment particulates or be returned to the atmosphere. This cycle continues with a portion of the mercury revolatilizing into the atmosphere in each cycle.
Lager
Precautions should be taken to prevent spills of mercury because
drops of the liquid metal can easily become lodged in floor cracks, behind cabinets, and
equipment, etc., with the result that the mercury vapor concentration in the laboratory may
then exceed the safe and allowable limits. Containers of mercury should be kept tightly sealed
and stored in secondary containers (such as a plastic pan or tray) in a well-ventilated area.
When breakage of instruments or apparatus containing significant quantities of Hg is possible,
the equipment should be placed in a plastic tray or pan that is large enough to contain the
mercury in the event of an accident. Transfers of mercury between containers should be
carried out in a fume hood over a tray or pan to confine any spills.
Versand/Shipping
UN2809 Mercury, Hazard class: 8; Labels:
8-Corrosive material, 6.1-Poisonous material
läuterung methode
After air has been bubbled through mercury for several hours to oxidise metallic impurities, it is filtered to remove coarser particles of oxide and dirt, then sprayed through a 4-ft column containing 10% HNO3. It is washed with distilled water, dried with filter paper and distilled under vacuum. [Schenk in Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry (Ed. Brauer) Academic Press Vol I p8 1963.]
Inkompatibilitäten
Heating mercury causes the formation of
toxic mercury oxide fumes. Reacts violently with alkali
metals; acetylene, azides, ammonia gas; chlorine, chlorine
dioxide; many acids; most metals; ground mixtures of
sodium carbide, and ethylene oxide. Contact with methyl
azide forms shock- and spark-sensitive explosives. Attacks
copper and many other metals, forming amalgams
Waste disposal
Consult with environmental
regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal
practices. Generators of waste containing this contaminant
(≥100 kg/mo) must conform to EPA regulations governing
storage, transportation, treatment, and waste disposal.
Accumulate for purification and re-use if possible. Mercury
vapors may be adsorbed or treated with sulfide solutions
and then sent to mercury recovery operations
Quecksilber Upstream-Materialien And Downstream Produkte
Upstream-Materialien
Downstream Produkte
