四酸化オスミウム (4%水溶液) 化学特性,用途語,生産方法
外観
灰色〜黒色, 塊
溶解性
水及びエタノールと任意の割合で混和する。
解説
四酸化オスミウム，無色ないし淡黄色針状晶。融点40.6～40.7℃，沸点131.2℃，比重4.906(22℃)。常温で揮発性，気体は単分子から成る。特異な強い臭気をもつ。水素と混合して赤熱した管中を通すと容易にオスミウムに還元される。水，アルコール，エーテル，四塩化炭素，ベンゼンなどに溶ける。
株式会社平凡社 世界大百科事典 第２版について 情報
用途
酸化剤、細胞組織固定剤
用途
オレフィン類をジオール化する酸化反応に使用します。
用途
オスミウムの再酸化剤として主にフェリシアン化カリウム(K3[Fe(CN6)])を使用する場合に適しています。また、不斉配位子を使用すると、不斉ジヒドロキシル化反応に適用することができます。
製法
酸化オスミウム(VIII)ともいう。オスミウムの粉末を酸素気流中で赤熱するか，オスミウム化合物を酸化すると得られる四酸化オスミウム。
特長
1. 繰り返し使用が可能2. 反応物との分離が容易3. 揮発性抑制による毒性、刺激臭が低い4. 樹脂からの酸化オスミウムの溶出の抑制
使用上の注意
刺激性が強く、蒸気は粘膜を侵し、目、のど、皮膚に有害ですので、保護眼鏡、保護手袋を着用し、ドラフト内で取り扱って下さい。なお、蒸気は酸化性があり、有機物である紙等を黒変させる性質があり、周囲の薬品のラベル等も汚染しますので注意してください。沸点より低い温度で揮散し、そのガスは毒性が強い。
化学的特性
Osmium tetroxide is a strong oxidant. Numerous organic
substances reduce it to black osmium dioxide (OsO2) or to
osmium metal.
物理的性質
Pale, yellow crystalline solid; chlorine-like acrid odor; monoclinic crystals having terahedral structure; density 5.1 g/cm
3; melts at 40.6°C; vaporizes at 129.7°C; sublimation begins below its boiling point; vapor pressure 11 torr at 27°C; critical temperature 405°C; critical pressure 170 atm; moderately soluble in water, 7.24 g/100mL at 25°C; soluble in most organic solvents.
使用
Osmium tetroxide is used in histopathological laboratories
to stain the adipose tissue and as a stabilizing agent in
scanning electron microscopy. In the chemical
industry, it is used as a catalyst in the organic synthesis,
particularly as the oxidizing agent in olefin-to-glycol conversion
(546, 567). In the past, osmium tetroxide in the form
of aqueous solution was used in forensic medicine to examine
fingerprints. Osmium tetroxide is also used in
medicine to treat rheumatoid arthritis.
調製方法
Osmium tetroxide is obtained by heating, at 300–400°C,
finely divided osmium metal in the stream of air or oxygen
(546). Commercially, it is received during osmium
smelting and platinum annealing. Osmium tetroxide
may also be produced by oxidizing osmium with aqua regia
or nitric acid. It is often formed at room temperature
from osmium metal powder.
製造方法
Osmium tetroxide is obtained as an intermediate during recovery of osmium metal from osmiridium or other noble metal minerals (See Osmium). In general, oxidation of an aqueous solution of an osmium salt or complex, such as sodium osmate with nitric acid, yields the volatile tetroxide which may be distilled out from the solution. In the laboratory, the compound can be prepared by oxidation of the osmium tetrachloride, OsCl
4, or other halide solutions with sodium hypochlorite followed by distillation.
Osmium tetroxide may also be produced by heating finely divided osmium metal in a stream of oxygen or air at 300 to 400°C.
定義
ChEBI: An osmium coordination entity consisting of four oxygen atoms bound to a central osmium atom via covalent double bonds.
一般的な説明
A colorless or yellow solid with a pungent odor of chlorine. Melting point about 104°F. Boiling point 266°F (begins to sublime below melting point). Density 4.9 g / cm3. Soluble in alcohol. Toxic by inhalation and a strong irritant to the eyes and mucous membranes.
空気と水の反応
Soluble in water.
反応プロフィール
Osmium tetraoxide is incompatible with hydrochloric acid andeasily oxidized organic materials. Contact with other materials may cause fire. . Reacted explosively with1-methylimidazole [J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1979, 1084].
危険性
Osmium tetroxide is poisonous by all routes of exposure. The vapor is an eye irritant and can produce tears and damage. The vapor also can cause upper respiratory tract irritation.
LD50 oral (mouse): 162 mg/kg
LCLO inhalation (mouse): 40 ppm (104 mg/m
3)/4 hr.
健康ハザード
TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.
火災危険
Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. Some are oxidizers and may ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.). Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated.
燃焼性と爆発性
Noncombustible
安全性プロファイル
Poison by ingestion, inhalation, and intraperitoneal routes. Human systemic effects by inhalation: lachrymation and other eye effects and structural or functional changes in trachea or bronch. Experimental reproductive effects. Mutation data reported. Explodes on contact with 1 -methylimidazole. Catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide can be hazardous. See also OSMIUM
職業ばく露
Osmium may be alloyed with platinum
metals, iron, cobalt, and nickel; and it forms compounds
withtin and zinc. The alloy with iridium is used in
the manufacture of fountain pen points, engraving tool;
record player needles; electrical contacts; compass needles;
fine machine bearings; and parts for watch and
lock mechanisms. The metal is a catalyst in the synthesis
of ammonia; and in the dehydrogenation of organic compounds. It is also used as a stain for histological
examination of tissues. Osmium tetroxide is used as an
oxidizing agent, catalyst, and as a fixative for tissues in
electron microscopy. Other osmium compounds find use
in photography. Osmium no longer is used in incandescent
lights or in fingerprinting.
貯蔵
In
particular, all work with osmium tetroxide should be conducted in a fume hood to
prevent exposure by inhalation, and splash goggles and impermeable gloves should
be worn at all times to prevent eye and skin contact. Osmium tetroxide as solid or
solutions should be stored in tightly sealed containers, and these should be placed in
secondary containers.
不和合性
Osmium tetroxide is a strong oxidizer.
Reacts with combustibles and reducing materials. Reacts
with hydrochloric acid to form toxic chlorine gas. Forms
unstable compounds with alkalis.
廃棄物の処理
Consult with environmental
regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal
practices. Generators of waste containing this contaminant
(≥100 kg/mo) must conform with EPA regulations
governing storage, transportation, treatment, and waste
disposal.
四酸化オスミウム (4%水溶液) 上流と下流の製品情報
原材料
準備製品