ヘキサクロロエタン 化学特性,用途語,生産方法
外観
白色～ほとんど白色, 結晶～結晶性粉末
溶解性
アルコール, ベンゼン, クロロホルム, エーテルに易溶。水に不溶。エタノール及びアセトンに溶けやすく、水にほとんど溶けない。
解説
ヘキサクロロエタン，化学式 CCl3CCl3 。カーボンヘキサクロリド，パークロロエタンともいう。ショウノウ様の臭気をもつ結晶。容易に昇華する。沸点 186.8℃。水に不溶，アルコール，ベンゼン，クロロホルム，油に可溶。爆発性のため注意が必要。セルロイド製造でショウノウの代用，ゴムの加硫の際の硫化促進剤などの用途がある。人に対する毒性として，皮膚刺激，粘膜や肝臓をおかす。高濃度では麻酔の働きをする。獣医薬として牛などの肝蛭 (かんてつ) 駆除剤となる。
用途
発煙筒用発煙剤、花火、家畜駆虫剤、アルミニウム鋳物脱ガス、脱酸剤(アルミニウム、マグネシウム、銅及びこれらの合金に用いられる)、切削油添加剤、塩化ビニル可塑助剤、エッチングガス
用途
農薬(殺虫剤、防虫剤)、有機合成原料、アルミニウム鋳物脱ガス剤、脱酸剤。
化学的特性
Hexachloroethane is a white solid with a
camphor-like odor. It gradually evaporates when it is exposed to air.
物理的性質
Rhombic, triclinic or cubic, colorless crystals with a camphor-like odor. Odor threshold
concentration is 0.15 ppm (quoted, Amoore and Hautala, 1983).
使用
Hexachloroethane is used as a solvent, infireworks and smoke devices; in explosives,in celluloid, as an insecticide, and as a rubbervulcanizing accelerator. Earlier it was used asan anthelmintic for livestock.
Hexachloroethane is a highly efficient chlorinating agent in the preparation of chlorosilanes from hydrosilanes.
定義
ChEBI: A member of the class of chloroethanes that is ethane in which all the hydrogens are replaced by chloro groups.
一般的な説明
Hexachloroethane is a colorless, crystalline solid with a camphor-like odor. Hexachloroethane may cause illness from inhalation or ingestion and may irritate skin, eyes and mucous membranes. When heated to high temperatures Hexachloroethane may emit toxic fumes. The primary hazard is the threat to the environment. Immediate steps should be taken to limit its spread to the environment. Hexachloroethane is used to make other chemicals.
空気と水の反応
Insoluble in water.
反応プロフィール
Hexachloroethane can react with hot iron, zinc and aluminum. Dehalogenation of Hexachloroethane by reaction with alkalis and metals will produce unstable chloroacetylenes. Hexachloroethane can also react with strong oxidizing agents. .
危険性
Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, strong
irritant, absorbed by skin. Possible carcinogen.
健康ハザード
Vapors of hexachloroethane are an irritant tothe eyes and mucous membranes. Oral dosesof 1000 mg/kg produced weakness, stagger ing gait, and twitching muscles in dogs.Rabbits fed 1000 mg/kg for 12 days devel oped necrosis; a lower amount, 320 mg/kg,caused liver degeneration; no effects wereobserved at a dose level of 100 mg/kg(Weeks 1979).
Acute inhalation toxicity is of a loworder in animals. Subacute toxic effectsin dogs exposed to 260-ppm vapors ofhexachloroethane for 6 hours per day, 5days a week for 6 weeks were tremors,ataxia, hypersalivation, head bobbling, andfacial muscular fasciculations (Weeks 1979).The lethal concentration in rats is 5900 ppmfrom an 8-hour exposure.
LD50 value, oral (rats): 4460 mg/kg
Tests for mutagenicity and teratogenic ity were negative. The carcinogenic poten tial of hexachloroethane was noted in testanimals only at extremely heavy dosagesgiven continuously for a long period of time(ACGIH 1986). It caused liver tumors inmice.
火災危険
Special Hazards of Combustion Products: Irritating hydrogen chloride vapor may form in fire.
職業ばく露
In the US, about half the HCE is used
by the military for smoke-producing devices. It is also used
to remove air bubbles in melted aluminum. It may be
present as an ingredient in some fungicides, insecticides,
lubricants, and plastics. It is no longer made in the United
States, but it is formed as a by-product in the production of
some chemicals. Can be formed by incinerators when mate rials containing chlorinated hydrocarbons are burned. Some
HCE can also be formed when chlorine reacts with carbon
compounds in drinking water. As a medicinal, HCE is used
as an anthelmintic to treat fascioliasis in sheep and cattle.
It is also added to the feed of ruminants, preventing metha nogenesis and increasing feed efficiency. HCE is used in
metal and alloy production, mainly in refining aluminum
alloys. It is also used for removing impurities from molten
metals, recovering metals from ores or smelting products
and improving the quality of various metals and alloys.
HCE is contained in pyrotechnics. It inhibits the explosive ness of methane and the combustion of ammonium perchlo rate. Smoke containing HCE is used to extinguish fires.
HCE has various applications as a polymer additive. It has
flameproofing qualities, increases sensitivity to radiation
crosslinking, and is used as a vulcanizing agent. Added to
polymer fibers, HCE acts as a swelling agent and increases
affinity for dyes.
発がん性
Hexachloroethane is reasonably anticipated to be ogen based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicit
a human carciny from studies in experimental animals.
環境運命予測
Biological. Under aerobic conditions or in experimental systems containing mixed cultures,
hexachloroethane was reported to degrade to tetrachloroethane (Vogel et al., 1987). In an
uninhibited anoxic-sediment water suspension, hexachloroethane degraded to tetrachloroethylene.
The reported half-life for this transformation was 19.7 min (Jafvert and Wolfe, 1987). When
hexachloroethane (5 and 10 mg/L) was statically incubated in the dark at 25 °C with yeast extract
and settled domestic wastewater inoculum for 7 d, 100% biodegradation with rapid adaptation was
observed (Tabak et al., 1981).
Photolytic. When an aqueous solution containing hexachloroethane was photooxidized by UV
light at 90–95 °C, 25, 50, and 75% degraded to carbon dioxide after 25.2, 93.7, and 172.0 h,
respectively (Knoevenagel and Himmelreich, 1976).
Chemical/Physical. The reported hydrolysis half-life at 25 °C and pH 7 is 1.8 x 10
9 yr (Jeffers et
al., 1989). No hydrolysis was observed after 13 d at 85 °C and pH values of 3, 7, and 11 (Ellington
et al., 1987). Similarly, no measureable hydrolysis was observed under neutral and alkaline
conditions (Jeffers and Wolfe, 1996).
輸送方法
UN2811 Toxic solids, organic, n.o.s.,
Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials,
Technical Name Required. UN3077 Environmentally
hazardous substances, solid, n.o.s., Hazard class: 9;
Labels: 9-Miscellaneous hazardous material, Technical
Name Required.
純化方法
Steam distil it, then crystallise it from 95% EtOH. Dry it in the dark under vacuum. [Beilstein 1 IV 148.]
不和合性
Incompatible with strong acids, oxidizers
(chlorates, nitrates, peroxides, permanganates, perchlorates,
chlorine, bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact may cause fires
or explosions. Keep away from strong bases.
廃棄物の処理
Incineration after mixing with
another combustible fuel. Care must be exercised to assure
complete combustion to prevent the formation of phosgene.
An acid scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids pro duced. Consult with environmental regulatory agencies for
guidance on acceptable disposal practices. Generators of
waste containing this contaminant (≥100 kg/mo) must con form to EPA regulations governing storage, transportation,
treatment, and waste disposal.
ヘキサクロロエタン 上流と下流の製品情報
原材料
準備製品
1,1,2,2-テトラクロロ-1,2-ジフルオロエタン
METHYL-2-CHLOROOXAZOLE-5-CARBOXYLATE
ジクロロテトラフルオロエタン
2‐クロロ‐3‐フルオロ‐4‐ピリジンカルボン酸
1,1,2-トリフルオロトリクロロエタン
Ethanediamide, N1,N1,N2,N2-tetraethyl-
ジクロロ(ジメチルアミノ)ホスフィン
4-クロロピリジン
3-クロロキノリン