クロロホルム 化学特性,用途語,生産方法
外観
無色澄明の液体
溶解性
水に難溶 (0.8g/100ml水, 20℃), アルコール, ベンゼンと混和。エタノール及びジエチルエーテルに極めて溶けやすく、水に溶けにくい。
解説
クロロホルム．CHCl3(119.38)．エタノール，アセトアルデヒド，アセトンなどに，さらし粉あるいは次亜塩素酸ナトリウムを作用させてつくられる．屈折率の大きい，不燃性の揮発性液体．ほとんどの有機溶媒と任意にまざる．融点－63.5 ℃，沸点61.2 ℃．d2020 1.484．n20D 1.4467．比誘電率4.806(20 ℃)．蒸気は甘味をもち，麻酔作用がある．日光および大気中の酸素の作用により徐々に分解し，有害なホスゲンを生じるので，着色瓶に密栓して貯蔵する必要があり，市販品には普通0.5～1％ のエタノールが安定剤として加えてある．大量に吸入すると，血圧降下，呼吸低下などにおちいる．また，発がん性が疑われている．抽出溶媒，フッ素樹脂の原料，分析試薬などとして広い用途をもつ．LD50 800 mg/kg(ラット，経口)．
用途
薄層及びペーパークロマトグラフィーの展開溶媒。
用途
汎用試薬、有機合成用溶剤。
用途
精密分析、超高純度溶剤としての個人専用試薬。
用途
吸光分析(紫外部)、蛍光分分析用溶媒。
用途
標準液調製用。
用途
高速液体クロマトグラフ分析における溶離液及び溶離液調製用。
用途
汎用試薬、抽出溶媒。
用途
フルオロカーボン原料、試薬、抽出溶剤、農薬、 医薬品 (NITE初期リスク評価書);フロンガス原料、医薬?農薬反応溶媒、溶剤、試薬 (SRI:CHEMICAL ECONOMICS HANDBOOK);フッ素系冷媒、フッ素樹脂の製造、医薬反応溶媒、農薬反応溶媒、溶剤、試薬 (化学工業日報社)
用途
比色分析、原子吸光分析における抽出溶媒。
使用上の注意
空気又は光により徐々に分解する。
性質
甘い芳香をもつ無色の液体で揮発性がある。液体のクロロホルムは不燃性であるが、蒸気は燃える。空気中で光により徐々に分解して猛毒のホスゲンCOCl2を生成する。
2CHCl3＋3(O)
―→H2O＋2COCl2＋Cl2この反応はエタノールにより防止できるので、市販のクロロホルムには通常0.5～1％のエタノールが添加されている。光による酸化分解を防ぐために、褐色の瓶に入れ冷暗所に保存する。
説明
Chloroform is a trichlorinated organic substance with the chemical formula of CHCl3. It is a clear liquid at room temperature and has a pleasant, sweet odor. Chloroform is only slightly soluble in water and evaporates quickly into surrounding air, increasing the risk of inhalation exposure. In addition, chloroform persists for a long time in both water and air. There are no natural sources of chloroform, but this contaminant enters the environment through a variety of industrial operations, including the chlorination of water. Humans can be exposed to chloroform through inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact.
Chloroform has a relatively narrow margin of safety and has been replaced by better inhalation anesthetics. In addition, it is believed to be toxic to the liver and kidneys and may cause liver cancer. Chloroform was once widely used as a solvent, but safety and environmental concerns have reduced this use as well. Nevertheless, chloroform has remained an important industrial chemical.
化学的特性
Chloroform is a noncombustible, clear, colorless liquid with a pleasant, sweet odor. The Odor Threshold
is 12 ppm.
物理的性質
Chloroform is a clear, colorless liquid with a pleasant odor and sweet burning taste. It is used to make hydrochloroflurocarbons (HCFCs), as a solvent for organic chemicals, and in chemical synthesis. Its use in many commercial products has been eliminated in recent decades because of its toxic and carcinogenic properties. It was once used extensively as an anesthetic, in medicines, in dry cleaning, and in refrigerants.
来歴
Chloroform (CHCl3) was first discovered in 1831 by American physician Samuel Guthrie; and independently a few months later by Frenchman Eugène Soubeiran and Justus von Liebig in Germany. Chloroform was named and chemically characterised in 1834 by Jean-Baptiste Dumas. Its anaesthetic properties were noted early in 1847 by Marie-Jean-Pierre Flourens. Unlike ether, chloroform's characteristically sweet odour isn't irritating, although inhalation of concentrated chloroform vapour may cause irritation of exposed mucous surfaces. Chloroform is a more effective anaesthetic than nitrous oxide.
In 1864, the Report of Chloroform Committee of Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society endorsed chloroform as Britain's favourite anaesthetic. But ether was safer for patients.
In 1871, leading anaesthetic manufacturer Edward E. Squibb of Brooklyn estimated [New York Medical Journal (April 1871) 13;389] that of 400,000 administrations of anaesthesia in the USA in 1870, chloroform was the agent used in some 50%, ether for 40%, and other gases and mixtures accounted for the rest.
使用
Chloroform is a widely used industrial and laboratory solvent. It is a volatile chlorinated organic solvent whose vapors have a narcotic effect.Due to its light sensitivity, it may undergo degradation with time. This can be suppressed by adding ethanol as a stabilizer. The addition will increase the polarity of the solvent and potentially impact certain applications.
- Chloroform has been used as a solvent for dissolving lipids and also as a cleansing agent.
- It may also be used in solvent extraction process and also for recrystallization.
- Suitable for HPLC, spectrophotometry, environmental testing
- Facilitates recovery of the aqueous phase of PCRs which have been overlaid with mineral oil.
- Meets ACS specifications.
定義
ChEBI: A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.
調製方法
Chloroform was first synthesized by treating acetone or ethanol with calcium hypochlorite or sodium hypochlorite bleaching powder. Chlorination of ethanol produces acetaldehyde and then trichloroacetaldehyde. Acetaldehyde yields chloroform and the formate ion by action of hydroxide ion. Acetone is chlorinated to trichloroacetone, which then splits into chloroform and the acetateion. The modern industrial preparation of chloroform involves the chlorination of methane or methyl chloride, CH
3Cl, using heat to substitute the chlorine atoms for hydrogen. The reaction is carried out at approximately 500°C. Hydrochlorination by reacting methanol and hydrogen chloride can also be used to produce chloroform.
医薬用
歴史的な吸入麻酔剤で、心臓、腎臓(じんぞう)、肝臓を障害するほか、麻酔後の悪心(おしん)や嘔吐(おうと)も多く、ほかによい吸入麻酔薬が出現したことから現在では麻酔にほとんど使用されず、抽出用溶媒や分析試薬として用いられるにすぎない。なお、イギリスでは癌(がん)性疼痛(とうつう)の緩和用に使われるコカイン・モルヒネ混液（ブロンプトンミクスチャー）にクロロホルム水として使用されている。
世界保健機関（WHO）
Chloroform was formerly widely used in pharmaceutical
preparations as a solvent and preservative as well as for its anaesthetic and
flavouring properties. By the late 1970s reservations concerning its safety,
including positive results in a carcinogenicity screening programme sponsored by
the National Cancer Institute in the USA, had led to considerable restrictions in its
use in pharmaceutical preparations. While many pharmaceutical products
containing chloroform have been withdrawn or reformulated to exclude this
substance, it may still be incorporated in toothpastes and other specified products
in some countries, subject to statutorily-imposed concentration limits.
(Reference: (IARCCD) Chloroform: IARC Monograph, 20(20), 401-427, 1979)
工業的製法
工業的にはフッ素樹脂の原料であるクロロジフルオロメタンの製造などに使われている。水道水の殺菌の際に塩素を用いると水中の有機物（フミン質）との反応によりクロロホルムが生成するので、その発癌(はつがん)性が問題となっていて排出が規制されている。規制は水質汚濁防止法などに基づいて行われていて、厚生労働省令では水質基準値を0.006mg/Lと定めている。
一般的な説明
A clear colorless liquid with a characteristic odor. Denser (12.3 lb / gal) than water and slightly soluble in water. Hence sinks in water. Nonflammable under most conditions, but burns under extreme conditions. May cause illness by inhalation, skin absorption or ingestion. Used as a solvent, to make other chemicals, as a fumigant.
空気と水の反応
Slightly soluble in water. Dissolves in water to form a corrosive solution of hypochlorous acid which decomposes on standing to chlorine, oxygen, and chloric acid.
反応プロフィール
A mixture of acetone and Chloroform in a residue bottle exploded. Since addition of acetone to Chloroform in the presence of base will result in a highly exothermic reaction, Chloroform is thought that a base was in the bottle. [MCA Case History 1661(1970)]. Powdered aluminum and carbon tetrachloride(also methyl chloride and Chloroform or mixtures of these chemicals) exploded when heated(to 153°C.) and by impact, [Chem. Eng. News 32:258(1954); UL Bull. Research 34(1945), ASESB Pot. Incid. 39(1968)]. An inadequately cooled addition of sodium to a Chloroform-methanol mixture (sodium methoxide) caused a violent explosion, [MCA Case History No. 693]. Chloroform is incompatible with dinitrogen tetraoxide, fluorine, sodium metal and alcohols, nitromethane, and triisopropylphosphine.
危険性
A possible carcinogen. Toxic by inhalation;
anesthetic; prolonged inhalation or ingestion may
be fatal. It has been prohibited by FDA from use
in drugs, cosmetics, and food packaging, including
cough medicines, toothpastes, etc. Nonflammable.
Will burn on prolonged exposure to flame or high
temperature. Liver and embryo/fetal damage, and
central nervous system impairment.
健康ハザード
Chloroform is classified as moderately toxic. Probable oral lethal dose for humans is 0.5 to 5 g/kg (between 1 ounce and 1 pint) for a 150 lb. person. The mean lethal dose is probably near 1 fluid ounce (44 g). It is a human suspected carcinogen. Also, it is a central nervous system depressant and a gastrointestinal irritant. It has caused rapid death attributable to cardiac arrest and delayed death from liver and kidney damage.
火災危険
Container may explode in the heat of fire. When heated Chloroform liberates phosgene, hydrogen chloride, chlorine and toxic and corrosive oxides of carbon and chlorine. Chloroform explodes when in contact with aluminum powder or magnesium powder or with alkali metals (e.g., lithium, sodium, and potassium) and dinitrogen tetroxide. Chloroform reacts vigorously with acetone in the presence of potassium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide. Chloroform is oxidized by strong oxidizers such as chromic acid forming phosgene and chlorine. Chloroform reacts vigorously with triisopropylphosphine. Chloroform develops acidity from prolonged exposure to air and light.
燃焼性と爆発性
Chloroform is noncombustible. Exposure to fire or high temperatures may lead to formation of phosgene, a highly toxic gas.
化学反応性
Reactivity with Water No reaction; Reactivity with Common Materials: No reactions; Stability During Transport: Stable; Neutralizing Agents for Acids and Caustics: Not pertinent; Polymerization: Not pertinent; Inhibitor of Polymerization: Not pertinent.
職業ばく露
Chloroform was one of the earliest
general anesthetics, but its use for this purpose has been
abandoned because of toxic effects. Chloroform is widelyused as a solvent (especially in the lacquer industry); in the
extraction and purification of penicillin and other pharmaceuticals; in the manufacture of artificial silk, propellents,
plastics, floor polishes, and fluorocarbons (R-22); and in
sterilization of catgut. Chemists and support workers as
well as hospital workers are believed to be at a higher risk
than the general population. Chloroform is widely distributed in the atmosphere and water (including municipal
drinking water primarily as a consequence of chlorination).
A survey of 80 American cities by EPA found chloroform
in every water system in levels ranging from ,0.3 to
311 ppb.
発がん性
Chloroform is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals.
貯蔵
In the presence of light, chloroform undergoes autoxidation to generate phosgene; this can be minimized by storing this substance in the dark under nitrogen. Commercial samples of chloroform frequently contain 0.5 to 1% ethanol as a stabilizer.
輸送方法
UN1888 Chloroform, Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels:
6.1-Poisonous materials.
不和合性
Though nonflammable, chloroform
decomposes to form hydrogen chloride, phosgene, and
chlorine upon contact with a flame. Chloroform decomposes slowly in air and light. Reacts violently with strong
caustics (bases), strong oxidants, chemically active metals
(especially powders), such as aluminum, lithium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium, causing fire and explosion
hazard. Attacks plastic, rubber, and coatings. Corrodes iron
and other metals in the presence of moisture.
廃棄物の処理
Incineration, preferably after
mixing with another combustible fuel. Care must be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the formation of phosgene. An acid scrubber is necessary to remove
the halo acids produced.
Where possible it should be recovered, purified by distillation, and returned to the supplier.
クロロホルム 上流と下流の製品情報
原材料
準備製品