Amino Acids and Derivatives

Amino acids and their derivatives belong to a compound containing both amino group and carboxyl group. They are presented in both the form of free-state and bound-state in vivo. Free amino acids are distributed in all kinds of animal cells and body fluids with the bound amino acids being the mainly basic components of proteins and peptides.

Natural amino acids act as colorless crystalline materials with relatively high melting points being mostly above 200 ℃. They are usually soluble in water but insoluble in non-polar organic solvents. However, tyrosine and cystine are insoluble in water; proline and hydroxyl proline are soluble in ethanol and ether. All amino acids are soluble in strong acid and alkali solution.

According to the polar characterization of the R group of the side chain of the α-amino acid; those 20 common amino acids that constitute protein can be divided into four groups:
① Amino acids with R group being non-polar; There are 8 kinds in total, wherein five kinds have aliphatic side chains, namely alanine, leucine, isoleucine, valine and proline; two kinds are aromatic amino acids, phenylalanine and tryptophan; one kind belongs to sulfur-containing amino acid, namely methionine; amino acids belonging to this group have lower water solubility than polar R-group amino acid; proline is generally different with α-amino acid, it is formed through the substitution of one hydrogen atom of the amino acid with the side chains of the α- amino acid, belonging actually to imino acid.
② Amino acids with polar but non-charged R group; There are seven kinds in total, namely serine, threonine and tyrosine with R group having hydroxy group; cysteine with R group having a mercapto group of cysteine; glutamine and asparagine with R-group containing amide group, another amino acid is glycine ; glycine molecule has no R group, but having certain polarity, and thus being classified into this group; the side chains in this group of amino acid contain unassociated polar groups and can form hydrogen bonds with water, and is easily soluble in water.
③Amino acids with R group being positively charged amino acids. There are three kinds in total, namely, lysine, arginine, and histidine; they carry positive charge at pH7.0 and are also known as alkaline amino acids.
④Amino acids with R group being negatively charged. There are two kinds in total, namely glutamate and aspartate; at pH7.0, the molecules are negatively charged, also known as acidic amino acids. The formula, abbreviations symbols and related constants of 20 kinds of amino acid structures can be seen from the table. In addition to the 20 common amino acids mentioned above, there are also diiodotyrosine, thyroxine, hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine existing in certain proteins. In addition to amino acids involved in protein composition, it has been also found of more than 200 kinds of other kinds amino acids in a variety of tissues and cells; these amino acids are mostly derivatives of those α- amino acid composition of proteins.

However, there are some β-, γ- or δ- amino acids and some amino acids belong to D-type amino acids such as [beta]-alanine, [gamma]-aminobutyric acid and the phenylalanine contained in the antibiotics gramicidin-S, the D-alanine and D-glutamate contained in Gram-positive bacteria cell wall. Some non-protein amino acids can act as metabolically important precursors or intermediates, wherein β-alanine is the precursors of vitamin pantothenic acid; ornithine, and citrulline are the precursors in the synthesis of arginine; [gamma]-aminobutyric acid is the chemical neurotransmitter. Plants contain a large amount of non-protein amino acids, belonging to plant secondary substances, such as theanine, canavanine, djenkolic acid, β- Cyanoalanine and so on.

In addition to 20 kinds of amino acids found in the body and animal protein products, it has been found of nearly 200 kinds of other kinds of amino acids in nature. Most of them have been discovered in the plant kingdom and have complex molecular structures with no relation with the protein metabolism. There have been less that have been seen in the animal kingdom with some of them being originated from the chemical modification of certain incorporated amino acids in the specific proteins, for example, the proline and lysine contained in collagen protein are often partially subject to re-hydroxylation of hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine; Another example is that there are often a small amount of lysine and histidine contained in actin and myosin protein containing hypermethylated εN methyl-lysine and 3N-histidine; it has been also found in the histone protein that the ∈ amino group contained in lysine is acetylated and the OH group in the serine is phosphorylated; thyroglobulin contains iodinated tyrosine and thyronine iodide; The heavy chain of τ myosin and the N-terminal of certain proteins contain pyroglutamate formed by glutamine; there also exists the cystine constituting of two cysteine molecules in the general protein.

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Structure Chemical Name CAS MF
N-BENZYLPHENYLGLYCINE METHYL ESTER N-BENZYLPHENYLGLYCINE METHYL ESTER 137307-61-0 C16H17NO2
POLY-PREP SLIDES POLY-PREP SLIDES
L-ALANINE METHYL ESTER L-ALANINE METHYL ESTER 114041-77-9 C4H9NO
N-(3-OXOOCTANOYL)-DL-HOMOSERINE LACTONE N-(3-OXOOCTANOYL)-DL-HOMOSERINE LACTONE 106983-27-1 C12H19NO4
(2R 3S)-(-)-4-DIMETHYLAMINO-1 2-DIPHENY& (2R 3S)-(-)-4-DIMETHYLAMINO-1 2-DIPHENY& 72541-03-8 C19H25NO
FMOC-NIP-OH FMOC-NIP-OH 158922-07-7 C21H21NO4
(S)-PIPERAZINE-1,2-DICARBOXYLIC ACID 1-TERT-BUTYL ESTER (S)-PIPERAZINE-1,2-DICARBOXYLIC ACID 1-TERT-BUTYL ESTER C10H18N2O4
N-(methylsulfonyl)glycine N-(methylsulfonyl)glycine 35688-18-7 C3H7NO4S
3-(2-FURYL)-L-ALANINE 3-(2-FURYL)-L-ALANINE 121786-31-0 C7H9NO3
b-Alanine, N-[4-[(1S)-1-[3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-5-(6-methoxy-2-naphthalenyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]ethyl]benzoyl]- b-Alanine, N-[4-[(1S)-1-[3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-5-(6-methoxy-2-naphthalenyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]ethyl]benzoyl]- 870823-12-4 C32H27Cl2N3O4
TMG(Betaine HCL) TMG(Betaine HCL)
CREATINE PHOSPHATE DISODIUM SALT HEXAHYDRATE CREATINE PHOSPHATE DISODIUM SALT HEXAHYDRATE 19333-65-4 C4H20N3Na2O11P
SELENIUM AMINO ACID SELENIUM AMINO ACID
2-[(2,4-dimethylphenyl)amino]acetic acid 2-[(2,4-dimethylphenyl)amino]acetic acid 66947-32-8 C10H13NO2
Cephradine L-arginine Cephradine L-arginine 85760-50-5 C22H33N7O6S
D-SS-(N-METHYLAMINO)ALANINE D-SS-(N-METHYLAMINO)ALANINE 741643-07-2 C4H10N2O2
Glycine Medium Glycine Medium
L-Lysine-L-glutamic acid L-Lysine-L-glutamic acid C11H23N3O6
N-[1-(s)-(Ethoxycarbony1)-3-pheny1propy1]-L-alanine N-[1-(s)-(Ethoxycarbony1)-3-pheny1propy1]-L-alanine
DL-p-Hydroxyphenylglycine DL-p-Hydroxyphenylglycine C8H9NO3
Sodium cocoanutylglutamate Sodium cocoanutylglutamate
N,N'-Dimethylarginine N,N'-Dimethylarginine 30344-00-4 C8H18N4O2
H-TYR-NH2 HCL H-TYR-NH2 HCL 53559-18-5 C9H12N2O2.ClH
(R)-2-(((9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxy)carbonylamino)-3-(3-chloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid (R)-2-(((9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxy)carbonylamino)-3-(3-chloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid 478183-59-4 C24H20ClNO5
O-methylserine O-methylserine 4219-94-7 C4H9NO3
Z-D-CHA-OH Z-D-CHA-OH 154802-74-1 C17H23NO4
(3-nitrobenzoyl)alanine (3-nitrobenzoyl)alanine 153212-71-6 C10H10N2O5
Selenocysteine Selenocysteine 10236-58-5 C3H7NO2Se
3-bromotyrosine 3-bromotyrosine 54788-30-6 C9H10BrNO3
Z-D-Glu-OMe Z-D-Glu-OMe 47087-37-6 C13H15NO6
L-N-CBZ-3-PYRAZOL-1-YL-ALANINE L-N-CBZ-3-PYRAZOL-1-YL-ALANINE 20945-53-3 C14H15N3O4
(S)-2-(((9H-FLUOREN-9-YL)METHOXY)CARBONYLAMINO)-3-AZIDOPROPANOIC ACID (S)-2-(((9H-FLUOREN-9-YL)METHOXY)CARBONYLAMINO)-3-AZIDOPROPANOIC ACID 684270-46-0 C18H16N4O4
Boc-L-3-(2-(5-Br-Thienyl))-alanine Boc-L-3-(2-(5-Br-Thienyl))-alanine
Fmoc-L-3-AMP(Boc) Fmoc-L-3-AMP(Boc)
L-2-Br-ALG L-2-Br-ALG
2,6-Difluoro-3-methoxy-DL-phenylalanine, JRD, 97% 2,6-Difluoro-3-methoxy-DL-phenylalanine, JRD, 97%
2-Fluoro-4-methoxy-DL-phenylalanine, JRD, 97% 2-Fluoro-4-methoxy-DL-phenylalanine, JRD, 97%
(R)-N-Acetyl-5-Fluoro-Trp-OMe (R)-N-Acetyl-5-Fluoro-Trp-OMe 114872-80-9 C14H15FN2O3
H-Thr-OBzl.HCl H-Thr-OBzl.HCl
Cbz-2-Trifluoromethyl-D-Phenylalanine Cbz-2-Trifluoromethyl-D-Phenylalanine C18H16F3NO4
Cbz-3-Trifluoromethyl-D-Phenylalanine Cbz-3-Trifluoromethyl-D-Phenylalanine C18H16F3NO4
Fmoc-D-Glu-OtBu Fmoc-D-Glu-OtBu
BOC-L-LYS.ETO.HCL BOC-L-LYS.ETO.HCL
Fmoc-Thr(PO3H2)-OH Fmoc-Thr(PO3H2)-OH
L-Cysteine, acetate (ester), hydrochloride (9CI) L-Cysteine, acetate (ester), hydrochloride (9CI) 66185-37-3 C5H10ClNO3S
butyl 2-aminopropanoate butyl 2-aminopropanoate 174468-17-8 C7H16ClNO2
Lysine decarboxylase medium Lysine decarboxylase medium
3,5-diiodo-L-tyrosine ethyl ester 3,5-diiodo-L-tyrosine ethyl ester 35591-33-4 C11H13I2NO3
Tubulysin A,TubA Tubulysin A,TubA 205304-86-5 C43H65N5O10S
Moc-L-phenylglycine Moc-L-phenylglycine
D-Alanine N-carboxyanhydride D-Alanine N-carboxyanhydride 4829-14-5 C4H5NO3
TYROSINE-TYROSINE TYROSINE-TYROSINE C18H20N2O5
N6-(Aminoiminomethyl)-D-lysine hydrochloride N6-(Aminoiminomethyl)-D-lysine hydrochloride 1217456-98-8 C7H17ClN4O2
trans-N-Boc-4-(3-cyanobenzyl)-L-proline, 95% trans-N-Boc-4-(3-cyanobenzyl)-L-proline, 95% C18H22N2O4
L-valine,3-methyl L-valine,3-methyl C6H13NO2
TRYPTOPHAN, L-(-)-(RG) TRYPTOPHAN, L-(-)-(RG) C11H12N2O2
2-(3-CHLORO-BENZENESULFONYLAMINO)-PROPIONIC ACID 2-(3-CHLORO-BENZENESULFONYLAMINO)-PROPIONIC ACID 1008997-34-9 C9H10ClNO4S
(2R,4R)-4-METHYLGLUTAMIC ACID HYDROCHLORIDE (2R,4R)-4-METHYLGLUTAMIC ACID HYDROCHLORIDE 166756-77-0 C6H11NO4.HCl
(S)-(+)-NALPHA-BENZYL-NBETA-BOC-L-HYDRAZINOISOLEUCINE (S)-(+)-NALPHA-BENZYL-NBETA-BOC-L-HYDRAZINOISOLEUCINE 188777-47-1 C18H28N2O4
BOC-DL-2'-METHYLPHENYLALANINE, 98 BOC-DL-2'-METHYLPHENYLALANINE, 98 139558-50-2 C15H21NO4
BOC-L-2,4,5-TRIFLUOROPHE BOC-L-2,4,5-TRIFLUOROPHE 324028-27-5 C14H16F3NO4
BOC-2-BROMO-DL-PHENYLALANINE BOC-2-BROMO-DL-PHENYLALANINE C14H18BrNO4
DL-2-AMINOBUTYRIC-D6 ACID DL-2-AMINOBUTYRIC-D6 ACID 350820-17-6 C4H3D6NO2
L-LYSINE HYDROCHLORIDE-15N L-LYSINE HYDROCHLORIDE-15N 82783-00-4 C6H15ClN2O2
L-2-AMINO-4-BROMO-4-PENTENOIC ACID L-2-AMINO-4-BROMO-4-PENTENOIC ACID 151144-96-6 C5H8BrNO2
3-AMINOQUINOLINE-4-CARBOXYLIC ACID 3-AMINOQUINOLINE-4-CARBOXYLIC ACID 75353-47-8 C10H8N2O2
l-Glutamic acid, N-coco acyl derivs., disodium salts l-Glutamic acid, N-coco acyl derivs., disodium salts 68187-30-4 C5H7NNa2O4
N-(1-oxooctadecyl)-L-glutamic acid N-(1-oxooctadecyl)-L-glutamic acid 3397-16-8 C23H43NO5
N-2,4-DNP-L-asparagine N-2,4-DNP-L-asparagine C10H10N4O7
L-Tyrosine bydrochloride L-Tyrosine bydrochloride C9H12ClNO3
L-Threonine -O-phsohate L-Threonine -O-phsohate
N-Hippuryl-L-histidyl-L-leucine N-Hippuryl-L-histidyl-L-leucine C21H29N5O4
N-2,4-DNP-L-glutamic acid N-2,4-DNP-L-glutamic acid C11H11N3O8
L-Glutamic acid 5-(3-carboxy-4-nitroanilide)ammonium salt L-Glutamic acid 5-(3-carboxy-4-nitroanilide)ammonium salt C19H23N7O12
PTP-1B (Protein-tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor ) PTP-1B (Protein-tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor )
Dodecyline Dodecyline C12H25NO2
Undecyline Undecyline C11H23NO2
D-Glutamic Acid diethyl ester hydrochloride D-Glutamic Acid diethyl ester hydrochloride 1001-19-0 C9H18ClNO4
L-Alanine(medicinal&edible) L-Alanine(medicinal&edible)
L-Cystine Hydrochloride Monhydrate L-Cystine Hydrochloride Monhydrate C6H15ClN2O5S2
L-cysteine hydrochloride ethyl ester L-cysteine hydrochloride ethyl ester C5H12ClNO2S
DIOCTYLDODECYL STEAROYL GLUTAMATE DIOCTYLDODECYL STEAROYL GLUTAMATE C51H99NO5
DISODIUM MALYL TYROSINATE DISODIUM MALYL TYROSINATE 126139-79-5 C26H24N2Na2O12
TETRASODIUM DICARBOXYMETHYL ASPARTATE TETRASODIUM DICARBOXYMETHYL ASPARTATE 34612-80-1 C28H24N4Na4O32-8
SODIUM DIHYDROXYETHYLGLYCINATE SODIUM DIHYDROXYETHYLGLYCINATE 17123-43-2 C6H12NNaO4
ETHYL SERINATE ETHYL SERINATE 4117-31-1 C5H11NO3
p53, acetylated (Lys 373 and 382) (Tumor Suppressor Protein, Oncogene Protein)
p53, acetylated (Lys 373 and 382) (Tumor Suppressor Protein, Oncogene Protein)
N-phenyl-N-methylglycine hydrochloride N-phenyl-N-methylglycine hydrochloride 21911-75-1 C9H12ClNO2
5'-[[(3S)-3-Amino-3-carboxypropyl]methylsulfonio]-5'-deoxyadenosine inner salt, 1,4-butanedisulfonate 5'-[[(3S)-3-Amino-3-carboxypropyl]methylsulfonio]-5'-deoxyadenosine inner salt, 1,4-butanedisulfonate 200393-05-1 C15H22N6O5S.C4H10O6S2
N-Butadecanoyl-D-phenylglycine N-Butadecanoyl-D-phenylglycine 753018-32-5 C22H35NO3
N-Butadecanoyl-L-phenylglycine sodiuM salt N-Butadecanoyl-L-phenylglycine sodiuM salt
N-Octadecanoyl-D-phenylglycine N-Octadecanoyl-D-phenylglycine C26H43NO3
N-Octadecanoyl-L-alanine sodiuM salt N-Octadecanoyl-L-alanine sodiuM salt 58725-36-3 C21H40NNaO3
Glycine, N-[[1,6-dihydro-6-oxo-2-[[(phenylMethoxy)carbonyl]aMino]-9H-purin-9-yl]acetyl]-N-[2-[[(9H-fluoren-9-ylMethoxy)carbonyl]aMino]ethyl]- Glycine, N-[[1,6-dihydro-6-oxo-2-[[(phenylMethoxy)carbonyl]aMino]-9H-purin-9-yl]acetyl]-N-[2-[[(9H-fluoren-9-ylMethoxy)carbonyl]aMino]ethyl]- 169397-01-7 C34H31N7O8
1-(4'-Methoxy-4-biphenylylsulfonyl)-L-proline, 96% 1-(4'-Methoxy-4-biphenylylsulfonyl)-L-proline, 96% C18H19NO5S
S-Methyl-N-[3-(trifluoroMethyl)phenylsulfonyl]hoMocysteine, 96% S-Methyl-N-[3-(trifluoroMethyl)phenylsulfonyl]hoMocysteine, 96% 1009729-55-8 C12H14F3NO4S2
N-(2,5-DiMethylphenylsulfonyl)-^b-alanine, 96% N-(2,5-DiMethylphenylsulfonyl)-^b-alanine, 96% 568566-41-6 C11H15NO4S
N-(3-Chlorophenylsulfonyl)glycine, 96% N-(3-Chlorophenylsulfonyl)glycine, 96% 565198-64-3 C8H8ClNO4S
N-[4-(2-Methoxyphenoxy)phenylsulfonyl]-^b-alanine, 96% N-[4-(2-Methoxyphenoxy)phenylsulfonyl]-^b-alanine, 96% 606944-94-9 C16H17NO6S
Potassium DL-aspartate hemihydrate Potassium DL-aspartate hemihydrate 394208-50-5 C8H14K2N2O9
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