| Identification | More | [Name]
1-Hexadecanol | [CAS]
36653-82-4 | [Synonyms]
1-HEXADECANOL
1-NAXADECANOL
ALCOHOL C16
ALCOHOL CETYLICUS
CETANOL
CETYL ALCOHOL
ETHAL
FEMA 2554
FEMA 3554
HEXADECAN-1-OL
HEXADECANOL
HEXADECYL ALCOHOL
N-HEXADECYL ALCOHOL
PALMITYL ALCOHOL
1-Hexadecyl alcohol
1-hexadecylalc
1-Hexanedecanol
1-Hydroxyhexadecane
Adol 52
Adol 52 NF | [EINECS(EC#)]
253-149-0 | [Molecular Formula]
C16H34O | [MDL Number]
MFCD00004760 | [Molecular Weight]
242.44 | [MOL File]
36653-82-4.mol |
| Chemical Properties | Back Directory | [Appearance]
white solid | [Melting point ]
48-50 °C (lit.) | [Boiling point ]
179-181 °C/10 mmHg (lit.) | [density ]
0.818 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
| [vapor density ]
8.34 (vs air)
| [vapor pressure ]
<0.01 mm Hg ( 43 °C)
| [FEMA ]
2554 | [refractive index ]
nD79 1.4283 | [Fp ]
275 °F
| [storage temp. ]
2-8°C | [solubility ]
Soluble in alcohol, chloroform, ether | [form ]
Powder, Flakes or Pellets | [pka]
15.20±0.10(Predicted) | [color ]
White to off-white | [Odor]
at 100.00 %. waxy clean greasy floral oily | [Stability:]
Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, strong acids. | [explosive limit]
8% | [Odor Type]
waxy | [Water Solubility ]
insoluble | [JECFA Number]
114 | [Merck ]
14,2028 | [BRN ]
1748475 | [Dielectric constant]
3.6（60℃） | [LogP]
6.7 | [Uses]
cetyl alcohol is a versatile ingredient that can serve as an emollient, emulsifier, thickener, binder, foam booster, or emulsion stabilizer, depending on the formulation and need. It is derived from coconut or palm oil as well as being synthetically manufactured. It is considered by some sources to be a non-comedogenic material. | [CAS DataBase Reference]
36653-82-4(CAS DataBase Reference) | [NIST Chemistry Reference]
1-Hexadecanol(36653-82-4) | [EPA Substance Registry System]
36653-82-4(EPA Substance) |
| Safety Data | Back Directory | [Hazard Codes ]
Xi | [Risk Statements ]
R38:Irritating to the skin.
R36/37/38:Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin . | [Safety Statements ]
S22:Do not breathe dust .
S24/25:Avoid contact with skin and eyes .
S37:Wear suitable gloves . | [WGK Germany ]
-
| [RTECS ]
MM0225000
| [Autoignition Temperature]
483 °F | [TSCA ]
Yes | [HS Code ]
29051990 | [Hazardous Substances Data]
36653-82-4(Hazardous Substances Data) | [Toxicity]
LD50 orally in Rabbit: > 2000 mg/kg LD50 dermal Rabbit > 2000 mg/kg |
| Hazard Information | Back Directory | [Description]
1-Hexadecanol is odorless. | [Chemical Properties]
1-Hexadecanol is odorless. | [Chemical Properties]
Cetyl alcohol occurs as waxy, white flakes, granules, cubes, or
castings. It has a faint characteristic odor and bland taste. | [Chemical Properties]
white solid | [Originator]
Hexadecyl alcohol,Esso Res. And
Eng. Co. | [Occurrence]
Reported as a major constituent of spermaceti oil, where it is present chiefy as cetyl palmitate Also reported found in guava, peach, pear, kohlrabi, baked potato, mustard, Parmesan cheese, butter, milk powder, boiled egg, cooked chicken, roasted beef, beef fat, whiskies, tea, starfruit, mango, rice, licorice, kiwifruit, loquat, endive, shrimp, crab, clam, Cape gooseberry and pawpaw | [Definition]
ChEBI: A long chain fatty alcohol that is hexadecane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1. | [Production Methods]
Cetyl alcohol may be manufactured by a number of methods such as
esterification and hydrogenolysis of fatty acids or by catalytic
hydrogenation of the triglycerides obtained from coconut oil or
tallow. Cetyl alcohol may be purified by crystallization and
distillation. | [Manufacturing Process]
1). A slurry of sodium bicarbonate comprising 39.8 g sodium bicarbonate and
254 ml water was placed in an autoclave. 96.3 g hexadecyl bromide and 635
ml acetone were then added. The autoclave was sealed and while stirring (590
r.p.m.) it was heated to a temperature of 218°C over a period of 1 hour 15
min. The temperature was maintained at 218-220°C for an additional hour. At
the end of the reaction the autoclave was cooled to about 50°C, that is, to a
temperature at which the alcohol remains molten. The autoclave was then
rinsed with acetone and 1 N hydrochloric acid add to neutralize the sodium
bicarbonate. The reaction mixture was diluted with an equivalent volume of
water and then extracted with n-pentane. (Other suitable water insoluble
solvents such as benzene, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, petroleum ether
and the like can be used for extraction). The pentane extract was washed with
water and then dried over magnesium sulfate. The dried solution was filtered
and evaporated. The residue was melted and a vacuum applied to remove the
last traces of pentane. On distillation a yield of 94.8% of the theoretical yield
white crystals of hexadecanol was recovered; M.P. 49°C, B.P. 344°C, nD79 =
1.4283.
2). 5.80 g of hexadecyl bromide, 36 ml of 60% aqueous dioxane and 0.73 g
of calcium oxide were placed in an ampoule. The ampoule was then heated,
while shaking, to a temperature of 220°C over a period of 0.5 hours, and
maintained at this temperature for 1 hour. After the reaction the ampoule was
cooled and the products worked up as in method 1. Analysis for alcohol
content by Zerewitinoff active hydrogen determination showed the yield to be
92.5%; M.P. 49°C, B.P. 344°C, nD79 = 1.4283.
3). A solution of palmitoyl chloride in dioxane was added dropwise to a cooled
dispersion of sodium borohydride.The mixture was heated on the steam bath
for a short time and then, after cooling, water was added. On distillation a
yield of hexadecanol 87%, M.P. 49°C, B.P. 344°C. | [Therapeutic Function]
Pharmaceutic aid | [Synthesis Reference(s)]
The Journal of Organic Chemistry, 42, p. 512, 1977 DOI: 10.1021/jo00423a025
Synthetic Communications, 25, p. 1901, 1995 DOI: 10.1080/00397919508015865
Tetrahedron Letters, 24, p. 4485, 1983 DOI: 10.1016/S0040-4039(00)85933-X | [General Description]
Cetyl alcohol is a long chain alcohol, which can find applications as an emulsifying agent, emollient, viscosity increasing agent, foam booster and opacifying agent in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. | [Flammability and Explosibility]
Notclassified | [Pharmaceutical Applications]
Cetyl alcohol is widely used in cosmetics and pharmaceutical
formulations such as suppositories, modified-release solid dosage
forms, emulsions, lotions, creams, and ointments.
In suppositories cetyl alcohol is used to raise the melting point of
the base, and in modified-release dosage forms it may be used to
form a permeable barrier coating. In lotions, creams, and ointments
cetyl alcohol is used because of its emollient, water-absorptive, and
emulsifying properties. It enhances stability, improves texture, and
increases consistency. The emollient properties are due to absorption
and retention of cetyl alcohol in the epidermis, where it
lubricates and softens the skin while imparting a characteristic
‘velvety’ texture.
Cetyl alcohol is also used for its water absorption properties in
water-in-oil emulsions. For example, a mixture of petrolatum and
cetyl alcohol (19 : 1) will absorb 40–50% of its weight of water.
Cetyl alcohol acts as a weak emulsifier of the water-in-oil type, thus
allowing a reduction of the quantity of other emulsifying agents
used in a formulation. Cetyl alcohol has also been reported to
increase the consistency of water-in-oil emulsions.
In oil-in-water emulsions, cetyl alcohol is reported to improve
stability by combining with the water-soluble emulsifying agent.
The combined mixed emulsifier produces a close packed, monomolecular
barrier at the oil–water interface which forms a
mechanical barrier against droplet coalescence.
In semisolid emulsions, excess cetyl alcohol combines with the
aqueous emulsifier solution to form a viscoelastic continuous phase
that imparts semisolid properties to the emulsion and also prevents
droplet coalescence. Therefore, cetyl alcohol is sometimes referred
to as a ‘consistency improver’ or a ‘bodying agent’, although it may
be necessary to mix cetyl alcohol with a hydrophilic emulsifier to
impart this property.
It should be noted that pure or pharmacopeial grades of cetyl
alcohol may not form stable semisolid emulsions and may not show
the same physical properties as grades of cetyl alcohol that contain
significant amounts of other similar alcohols. | [Safety]
Cetyl alcohol is mainly used in topical formulations, although it has
also been used in oral and rectal preparations.
Cetyl alcohol has been associated with allergic delayed-type
hypersensitivity reactions in patients with stasis dermatitis. Crosssensitization
with cetostearyl alcohol, lanolin, and stearyl alcohol
has also been reported. It has been suggested that hypersensitivity
may be caused by impurities in commercial grades of cetyl
alcohol since highly refined cetyl alcohol (99.5%) has not been
associated with hypersensitivity reactions.
LD50 (mouse, IP): 1.6 g/kg
LD50 (mouse, oral): 3.2 g/kg
LD50 (rat, IP): 1.6 g/kg
LD50 (rat, oral): 5 g/kg | [storage]
Cetyl alcohol is stable in the presence of acids, alkalis, light, and air;
it does not become rancid. It should be stored in a well-closed
container in a cool, dry place. | [Purification Methods]
Crystallise the alcohol from aqueous EtOH or from cyclohexane. Alternatively purify it by zone refining. The purity can be checked by gas chromatography. [Beilstein 1 H 429, 1 I 219, 1 II 466, 1 III 1815, 1 IV 1876.] | [Incompatibilities]
Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents. Cetyl alcohol is
responsible for lowering the melting point of ibuprofen, which
results in sticking tendencies during the process of film coating
ibuprofen crystals. | [Regulatory Status]
Included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients Database (ophthalmic
preparations, oral capsules and tablets, otic and rectal preparations,
topical aerosols, creams, emulsions, ointments and solutions, and
vaginal preparations). Included in nonparenteral medicines licensed
in the UK. Included in the Canadian List of Acceptable Nonmedicinal
Ingredients. |
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