エタノール 化学特性,用途語,生産方法
外観
無色透明な液体
定義
本品は、エタノール(*)に、変性剤を加えたものである。参照表示名称：エタノール
溶解性
水及びジエチルエーテルに極めて溶けやすい。
性質
一価アルコールのうちメタノール、エタノール、プロパノールおよびブタノールは、水と任意の割合でよく混じり合う。また一般に低級アルコールは水に溶けやすいが、ペンタノールよりも炭素数が多いアルコールは水には溶けにくい。アルコールにはヒドロキシ基があり、これは水と水素結合をつくって混ざりやすい親水的な性質がある。他方、炭素鎖は水とは混ざらず疎水的である。炭素鎖の短いアルコールでは、親水性が強く現れて水によく溶けるが、炭素鎖が長くなると疎水性が強くなり、そのために水と混ざりにくくなる。また液体のアルコールでは、アルコール分子の間でヒドロキシ基が水素結合を形成して安定化するので、同じ炭素数の炭化水素に比べてはるかに沸点が高い特徴がある。
解説
狭義では酒類の成分であるエタノール（エチルアルコール）をさすが、一般には広くアルコール類の総称として用いられる。炭化水素の水素原子をヒドロキシ基-OHで置換した化合物の総称で、一般式R-OHで示される。
用途
多くのエチルアルコールは希釈してアルコール飲料、実験室用溶剤、変性アルコール、医薬品(消毒剤、ローション、トニック、コロン類)製造、香粧品工業、有機合成化学工業の溶剤、ガソリンのオクタン価向上剤、医薬品助剤(溶剤)
用途
汎用試薬(95%指定のもの）、溶剤等。
用途
高純度溶媒を使用する小実験に、或いは使用中の汚染を避けるため小包装を必要とする場合に使用される。
用途
その他の代表用途は、工業用原料（洗剤、塗料、溶剤など）である。
用途
汎用試薬(95%指定のもの）、溶剤、有機合成原料、試液調製原料、消毒殺菌剤。
歴史
アラビア語でal-koh'l（粉状物質）に由来するが、当初は現在の意味のアルコールをさしていたものではない。その後アルコールということばの意味が変わり、酒を蒸留して燃えるものを得る操作を「アルコール化」というようになり、さらにこれから得られた留出物をアルコールとよぶようになった。これが、現在広く用いられる総称としてのアルコールとなったのは19世紀からである。
化粧品の成分用途
減粘剤、抗菌剤、溶剤、収れん剤、香料、消泡剤
存在
天然には酒類に含まれるエタノールや、多価アルコールである糖や、植物の精油中に含まれるテルペン系のアルコールのようなものがあるが、多くはカルボン酸と縮合したエステルの形で存在する。
効能
抗悪性腫瘍薬, 外皮用殺菌消毒薬, 溶解剤
主な用途／役割
溶剤型接着剤、水性型エマルション系接着剤、エアゾール接着剤に使用される。
製法
エタノールの製法 現在工業的には石油から得られるエチレンを酸の存在下で水と反応させて製造されている。
商品名
エタノール (小堺製薬); 無水エタノール (コニシ); 無水エタノール (サンケミファ); 無水エタノール (シオエ製薬); 無水エタノール (マイラン製薬); 無水エタノール (ヤクハン製薬); 無水エタノール (丸石製薬); 無水エタノール (丸石製薬); 無水エタノール (丸石製薬); 無水エタノール (今津薬品工業); 無水エタノール (健栄製薬); 無水エタノール (司生堂製薬); 無水エタノール (吉田製薬); 無水エタノール (大成薬品工業); 無水エタノール (小堺製薬); 無水エタノール (小堺製薬); 無水エタノール (山善製薬); 無水エタノール (扶桑薬品工業); 無水エタノール (日興製薬); 無水エタノール (日興製薬); 無水エタノール (日興製薬); 無水エタノール (東洋製薬化成); 無水エタノール (東海製薬); 無水エタノール (東豊薬品)
使用上の注意
1.損傷皮膚及び粘膜には使用しないこと。(刺激作用を有するので)。2.副作用(1)過敏症 発疹等の過敏症状があらわれることがあるので、このような場合には使用を中止すること。(2)皮膚 刺激症状があらわれることがあるので、このような症状があらわれた場合には使用を中止すること。3.適用上の注意(1)人体 ア)原液又は濃厚液は刺激作用があるので経口投与しないこと。 イ)眼に入らないように注意すること。入った場合には水でよく洗い流すこと。 ウ)広範囲又は長期間使用する場合には、蒸気の吸入に注意すること。 エ)同一部位に反復使用した場合には、脱脂等による皮膚荒れを起こすことがあるので注意すること。(2)その他本剤は血清、膿汁等の蛋白質を凝固させ、内部にまで浸透しないことがあるので、これらが付着している医療器具等に用いる場合には、十分に洗い落としてから使用すること。(取扱上の注意)(1)金属器具を長時間浸漬する必要がある場合には、腐食を防止するために0.2～1.0%の亜硝酸ナトリウムを添加すること。(2)合成ゴム製品、合成樹脂製品、光学器具、鏡器具、塗装カテーテル等には、変質するものがあるので、このような器具は長時間浸漬しないこと。(3)貯法:遮光した気密容器に入れ、火気を避けて保存する。
説明
Ethyl alcohol, also called ethanol, absolute alcohol, or grain alcohol, is a clear, colorless, flammable
liquid with a pleasant odor. It is associated primarily with alcoholic beverages, but it
has numerous uses in the chemical industry. The word alcohol is derived from the Arabic
word al kuhul, which was a fine powder of the element antimony used as a cosmetic. In
Medieval times, the word al kuhul came to be associated with the distilled products known
as alcohols. The hydroxyl group, -OH, bonded to a carbon, characterizes alcohols. Ethyl is
derived from the root of the two-carbon hydrocarbon ethane.
化学的特性
In the BP 2009, the term ‘alcohol’; used without other qualification refers to ethanol containing ≥99.5% v/v of C
2H
6O. The term‘alcohol’, without other qualification, refers to ethanol 95.1–96.9% v/v. Where other strengths are intended, the term ‘alcohol’ or ‘ethanol’is used, followed by the statement of the strength. In the PhEur 6.0, anhydrous ethanol contains not less than 99.5% v/v of C
2H
6O at 208℃. The term ethanol (96%) is used to describe the material containing water and 95.1–96.9% v/v of C
2H
6O at 208℃.
天然物の起源
Reported found in apple, apple aroma, apple essence, apple juice, bacon fat, banana, bean, beef fat, beef extract,
blackberry, black currant, bread, brussels sprout, cabbage, carrot root, cauliflower, blue cheese, cheddar cheese, Swiss cheese, cocoa
bean, cherry, coffee, cream, cucumber, alcoholic beverages and many other sources
来歴
Alcohol is produced naturally from the fermentation
of sugars, and it is assumed that prehistoric humans consumed alcohol when eating
fermented fruits. The earliest direct evidence of alcohol consumption dates from the Neolithic
period 10,000 years ago and consists of stone jugs used for holding alcoholic beverages.
Ancient records and art from Egypt, Babylon, Mesopotamia, and other early civilizations
indicate the use of alcohol as a beverage, medicine, and ceremonial drink. Records also show
that the intoxicating effects of alcohol were known for thousands of years b.c.e. Alcoholic
drinks were stored in Egyptian burial tombs, and deities devoted to alcoholic beverages were
worshiped by different civilizations. As the human population expanded, alcoholic drinks
assumed a prominent role in different cultures; for example, numerous references are made to
wine in the Bible. Ancient Islamic alchemists advanced the practice of alcohol production by
using distillation techniques. Distilled alcohols began to appear in the Middle Ages and was used in many remedies and medicines. A common practice by alchemists in different regions
was the preparation of special liquors and brews with healing power. Aqua vitae (water of
life) could refer to brandy, gin, whiskey, wine, or another form of alcoholic depending on the
geographic area.
使用
alcohol (alcohol SD-40; alcohol SDA-40; ethanol; ethyl alcohol) is widely used in the cosmetic industry as an antiseptic as well as a solvent given its strong grease-dissolving abilities. It is often used in a variety of concentrations in skin toners for acne skin, aftershave lotions, perfumes, suntan lotions, and toilet waters. Alcohol dries the skin when used in high concentrations. It is manufactured through the fermentation of starch, sugar, and other carbohydrates.
定義
A colorless volatile liquid
alcohol. Ethanol occurs in intoxicating
drinks, in which it is produced by fermentation
of a sugar:
C
6H
12O
6 → 2C
2H
5OH + 2CO
2
Yeast is used to cause the reaction. At
about 15% alcohol concentration (by volume)
the reaction stops because the yeast is
killed. Higher concentrations of alcohol
are produced by distillation.
Apart from its use in drinks, alcohol is
used as a solvent and to form ethanal. Formerly,
the main source was by fermentation
of molasses, but now catalytic
hydration of ethene is used to manufacture
industrial ethanol. See also methylated
spirits.
適応症
Ethanol is the most widely abused drug in the world.
There are more than 10 million alcoholics in the United
States alone. Excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages
has been linked to as many as half of all traffic accidents,
two-thirds of homicides, and three-fourths of
suicides, and it is a significant factor in other crimes, in
family problems, and in personal and industrial accidents.
The annual cost to the American economy has
been estimated to exceed $100 billion in lost productivity,
medical care, and property damage.
Alcoholism has been difficult to define because of its
complex nature.A person is generally considered an alcoholic,
however, when his or her lifestyle is dominated
by the procurement and consumption of alcoholic beverages
and when this behavior interferes with personal,
professional, social, or family relations.
A light drinker generally is defined as one who consumes
an average of one drink or less per day, usually
with the evening meal; a moderate drinker is one who
has approximately three drinks per day; and a heavy
drinker is one who has five or more drinks per day (or
in the case of binge drinkers, at least once per week with
five or more drinks on each occasion).
調製方法
Ethanol is manufactured by the controlled enzymatic fermentation
of starch, sugar, or other carbohydrates. A fermented liquid is
produced containing about 15% ethanol; ethanol 95% v/v is then
obtained by fractional distillation. Ethanol may also be prepared by
a number of synthetic methods.
製造方法
There are several approaches to the production of ethanol; mainly ethanol is produced by fermentation.
世界保健機関（WHO）
Ethanol has been used throughout recorded history both in a
medicinal and a social context. It is currently included in pharmaceutical
preparations either as an active or inactive ingredient. At pharmacologically active
doses ethanol is both a powerful cerebral depressant and a drug of addiction. Its
use in pharmaceutical preparations has been severely restricted in several
countries and in 1986 the 39th World Health Assembly adopted a resolution to
prohibit such use except when ethanol is an essential ingredient which cannot be
replaced by an appropriate alternative.
一般的な説明
Reagent Alcohol is denatured alcohol that consists of ethanol, isopropyl alcohol and methyl alcohol in the ratio 90:5:5.
反応プロフィール
It liberates hydrogen when it reacts withmetal; forms acetaldehyde (toxic, flammable)on catalytic vapor phase dehydrogenation;ethyl ether (flammable) on dehydration withH2SO4 or a heterogeneous catalyst such asalumina, silica, SnCl2, MnCl2, or CuSO4;.
危険性
Classified as a depressant drug. Though it
is rapidly oxidized in the body and is therefore noncumulative, ingestion of even moderate amounts
causes lowering of inhibitions, often succeeded by
dizziness, headache, or nausea. Larger intake causes
loss of m
燃焼性と爆発性
Ethanol is a flammable liquid (NFPA rating = 3), and its vapor can travel a considerable distance to an ignition source and "flash back." Ethanol vapor forms explosive mixtures with air at concentrations of 4.3 to 19% (by volume). Hazardous gases produced in ethanol fires include carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide or dry chemical extinguishers should be used for ethanol fires.
化学反応性
Reactivity with Water No reaction; Reactivity with Common Materials: No reaction; Stability During Transport: Stable; Neutralizing Agents for Acids and Caustics: Not pertinent; Polymerization: Not pertinent; Inhibitor of Polymerization: Not pertinent.
応用例（製薬）
Ethanol and aqueous ethanol solutions of various concentrations are widely used in pharmaceutical
formulations and cosmetics. Although ethanol is
primarily used as a solvent, it is also employed as a disinfectant, and
in solutions as an antimicrobial preservative. Topical ethanol
solutions are used in the development of transdermal drug delivery
systems as penetration enhancers. Ethanol has also been used
in the development of transdermal preparations as a co-surfactant.
接触アレルゲン
Ethanol is widely used for its solvent and antiseptic
properties. It is rather an irritant and sensitization has
rarely been reported.
作用機序
A great deal of attention has been focused on a class of
proteins termed the ligand-gated ion channels as being
important to the mechanism of action of alcohol.These
integral membrane proteins function as gates or pores
that allow the passage of certain ions into and out of
neurons upon binding of the appropriate neurotransmitter.
This flux of ions largely determines the degree of
neuronal activity. Two distinct types of ligand-gated
ion channels are particularly sensitive to concentrations
of alcohol that produce intoxication and sedation.
These are the α-aminobutyric acid (GABA) chloride
ionophore and the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subtype
of glutamate receptor. The GABA–chloride ion
channel reduces neuronal activity by hyperpolarizing
the neurons, while activation of the NMDA receptor
causes neuronal depolarization or excitation. Alcohol
has been shown to increase chloride flux through the
GABAA receptor and reduce calcium flux through the
NMDA receptor. These actions result in powerful suppression
of nerve cell activity, which is consistent with
the depressant actions of alcohol in the brain.
臨床応用
Generally, no treatment is required for acute ethanol intoxication.
Allowing the individual to sleep off the effects
of ethanol ingestion is the usual procedure.
Hangovers are treated similarly; that is, no effective
remedy exists for a hangover, except for controlling the
amount of ethanol consumed. Sometimes ethanol overdose
is a medical emergency. For example, prompt treatment
is required if the patient is in danger of dying of
respiratory arrest, is comatose, has dilated pupils, is hypothermic,
or displays tachycardia.
Treatment for severe ethanol overdose is generally
supportive. Increased intracranial pressure can be relieved
by intravenous administration of hypertonic
mannitol. Hemodialysis can accelerate the removal of
ethanol from the body. Stimulants of ethanol metabolism,
such as fructose, are not sufficiently effective, and
use of analeptics is not recommended because of the possibility
of precipitating convulsions.
The immediate concern in the treatment of alcoholics is
detoxification and management of the ethanol withdrawal
syndrome. Another pharmacological approach is the use of anticraving
drugs, for example serotonin uptake inhibitors,dopaminergic agonists, and opioid antagonists.The only
treatment that has shown considerable promise is one
that uses the opioid antagonist naltrexone.
副作用
Acute Ethanol Intoxication and Hangover
Ethanol intoxication is probably the best-known form
of drug toxicity. Intoxicated individuals are a threat to
themselves and others, particularly if they attempt to
drive or operate machinery. Although death can result
from ethanol overdose, usually the patient lapses into a
coma before ingesting lethal quantities. Ethanol intoxication
is sometimes mistakenly diagnosed as diabetic
coma, schizophrenia, overdosage of other CNS depressant
drugs, or skull fracture. An additional feature commonly
associated with excessive ethanol consumption is
difficulty in regulating body temperature. Hypothermia
frequently results, with body temperature falling toward
that of the ambient environment. This problem can be
particularly severe in the elderly, who normally have
difficulty regulating their body temperature.
One of the consequences of ethanol intoxication is
the hangover, a condition characterized by headache,
nausea, sweating, and tremor. Although unpleasant, a
hangover is not dangerous, even though the person having
one may feel otherwise.
職業ばく露
Ethyl alcohol is used, topical antiinfective agent; solvent to make beverages; in the chemical
synthesis of a wide variety of compounds, such as acetaldehyde, ethyl ether, ethyl chloride, and butadiene. It is a solvent
or processing agent in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals;
plastics, lacquers, polishes, plasticizers, perfumes, cosmetics,
rubber accelerators; explosives, synthetic resins; nitrocellulose, adhesives, inks, and preservatives. It is also used as an
antifreeze and as a fuel. It is an intermediate in the manufacture of many drugs and pesticides.
発がん性
In 1987, the International Agency
for Research on Cancer (IARC) evaluated the cancer data on
ethanol and alcoholic beverages in humans and animals
. The IARC concluded that there was inadequate
evidence for the carcinogenicity of ethanol and of alcoholic
beverages in experimental animals, but there was sufficient
evidence for the carcinogenicity of alcoholic beverages in
humans. The IARC classified alcoholic beverages as a Group
1 carcinogen based on the occurrence of malignant tumors of
the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, and liver that
have been causally related to the consumption of alcoholic
beverages.
環境運命予測
If released to the environment from natural or anthropogenic
sources, ethanol will preferentially partition to the soil, water,
and air. Bioconcentration and bioaccumulation potential
is anticipated to be low based upon the estimated bioconcentration
factor and experimental octanol/water partition
coefficient. If released into water, ethanol’s half-life is less than
10 days. The half-life upon release to air is less than 5 days,
where wet deposition removal predominates. Biodegradation
and volatilization are expected to be important fate and
transport processes for ethanol.
貯蔵
Ethyl alcohol should be protected from physical damage. It should be kept stored in a cool,
dry, well-ventilated location, away from any area where the fi re hazard may be acute.
Outside or detached storage is preferred. Separate from incompatibles. Containers should
be bonded and grounded for transfer to avoid static sparks. The storage and use areas
should be free from smoking areas.
輸送方法
UN1170 Ethyl alcohol or Ethanol or Ethanol
solutions or Ethyl alcohol solutions, Hazard Class: 3;
Labels: 3-Flammable liquid.
不和合性
In acidic conditions, ethanol solutions may react vigorously with
oxidizing materials. Mixtures with alkali may darken in color
owing to a reaction with residual amounts of aldehyde. Organic
salts or acacia may be precipitated from aqueous solutions or
dispersions. Ethanol solutions are also incompatible with aluminum
containers and may interact with some drugs.
廃棄物の処理
Dissolve or mix the material
with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. All federal,
state, and local environmental regulations must be
observed. Consult with environmental regulatory agencies
for guidance on acceptable disposal practices. Generators
of waste containing this contaminant (≥100 kg/mo) must
conform with EPA regulations governing storage, transportation, treatment, and waste disposal.
予防処置
During handling of ethyl alcohol, workers should use chemical-resistant shields, monogoggles,
proper gloves, laboratory coat/apron, and protective equipment as required. Workers
and the workplace should have adequate ventilation vent hoods, class b extinguisher.
Workers should avoid sources of heat, sparks, or flames. Waste disposal and spill should be
collected in suitable containers or absorbed on a suitable absorbent material for subsequent
disposal. Waste material should be disposed of in an approved incinerator or in a designated
landfi ll site, in compliance with all federal, provincial, and local government regulations.
規制状況(Regulatory Status)
Included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients Database (dental
preparations; inhalations; IM, IV, and SC injections; nasal and
ophthalmic preparations; oral capsules, solutions, suspensions,
syrups, and tablets; rectal, topical, and transdermal preparations).
Included in the Canadian List of Acceptable Non-medicinal
Ingredients. Included in nonparenteral and parenteral medicines
licensed in the UK.
エタノール 上流と下流の製品情報
原材料
準備製品