Canagliflozin

Properties

Safety Information

Description

In March 2013, the US FDA approved canagliflozin (JNJ-28431754; TA-7284) for the treatment of type 2 diabetes in adults. Canagliflozin is the first US-approved sodium-glucose co-transporter (SGLT) inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Inhibition of renal SGLT suppresses glucose reabsorption, which permits glucose excretion into urine and reduction of hyperglycemia. Canagliflozin was discovered through structural modifications of phlorizin, a known inhibitor of renal glucose reabsorption. Early modifications of OH groups on the glucose moiety were insufficient to adequately impair hydrolysis by intestinal β-glucosidase. Introduction of the C-glucoside moiety, as in the clinical candidate dapagliflozin, afforded sufficient resistance to hydrolysis. Finally, incorporation of the thiophene moiety in canagliflozin provided improved potency for hSGLT2 (exclusive to kidney), IC₅₀=2.2 nM, while offering significant selectivity over hSGLT1 (in kidney and heart), IC₅₀=910 nM. Hyperglycemic, high-fat (HF) diet fedmice (KKstrain) that received a single 3 mg/kg oral dose of canagliflozin had a 48% reduction in blood glucose levels after 6 h versus vehicle-treatedmice. Noteworthy in themultistep synthesis of canagliflozin is the stereoselective formation of the β-C-glucoside which is accomplished by coupling of the aryllithiumaglycone with 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-trimethylsilyl-β-Dgluconolactone followed by desilylation and stereoselective reduction with triethylsilane and boron trifluoride etherate.