| Identification | More | [Name]
D(+)-Glucose | [CAS]
50-99-7 | [Synonyms]
6-(HYDROXYMETHYL)OXANE-2,3,4,5-TETROL
CORN SUGAR
DEXTROSE
D-(+)-GLUCOSE
D-GLUCOSE
D-Glucose anhydrous
Anhydrous dextrose
anhydrousdextrose
Candex
Cartose
component of Kadalex
Dextropur
Dextrose, anhydrous
dextrose,anhydrous
Dextrosol
Emdex
Flolys
Glucolin
Glucose liquid
Glucose, anhydrous | [EINECS(EC#)]
207-757-8 | [Molecular Formula]
C6H12O6 | [MDL Number]
MFCD00063684 | [Molecular Weight]
180.16 | [MOL File]
50-99-7.mol |
| Chemical Properties | Back Directory | [Appearance]
White crystalline powder | [Melting point ]
150-152 °C(lit.)
| [alpha ]
52.75 º (c=10, H2O, NH4OH 25 ºC) | [Boiling point ]
232.96°C (rough estimate) | [density ]
1.5440 | [refractive index ]
53 ° (C=10, H2O) | [storage temp. ]
2-8°C
| [solubility ]
H2O: 1 M at 20 °C, clear, colorless
| [form ]
Crystalline Powder | [pka]
pKa 12.43(H2O,t = 18,)(Approximate) | [color ]
White | [Odor]
Odorless | [PH]
5.0-7.0 (25℃, 1M in H2O) | [PH Range]
5.9 | [Stability:]
Stable. Substances to be avoided include strong oxidizing agents. Combustible. | [optical activity]
[α]25/D +52.5 to +53.0°(lit.) | [Water Solubility ]
Soluble | [λmax]
λ: 260 nm Amax: 0.03
λ: 280 nm Amax: 0.02 | [Merck ]
14,4459 | [BRN ]
1281608 | [InChIKey]
WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-DVKNGEFBSA-N | [LogP]
-2.490 (est) | [Uses]
Glucose is a corn sweetener that is commercially made from starch by the action of heat and acids or enzymes, resulting in the complete hydrolysis of the cornstarch. There are two types of refined commercially available: hydrate, which contains 9% by weight water of crystallization and is the most often used, and anhydrous glucose, which contains less than 0.5% water. is a reducing sugar and produces a high-temperature browning effect in baked goods. It is used in ice cream, bakery products, and confections. It is also termed corn sugar. | [CAS DataBase Reference]
50-99-7(CAS DataBase Reference) | [NIST Chemistry Reference]
Glucose(50-99-7) | [EPA Substance Registry System]
Dextrose (50-99-7) |
| Safety Data | Back Directory | [Hazard Codes ]
Xi,Xn | [Risk Statements ]
R36/37/38:Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin .
R63:Possible risk of harm to the unborn child.
R62:Possible risk of impaired fertility.
R36/38:Irritating to eyes and skin .
R21:Harmful in contact with skin. | [Safety Statements ]
S26:In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice .
S36/37:Wear suitable protective clothing and gloves .
S24/25:Avoid contact with skin and eyes .
S53:Avoid exposure-obtain special instruction before use .
S25:Avoid contact with eyes . | [WGK Germany ]
1
| [RTECS ]
LZ6600000
| [F ]
3 | [Autoignition Temperature]
500 °C | [TSCA ]
Yes | [HS Code ]
17023051 | [Safety Profile]
Mildly toxic by ingest ion. An experimental teratogen. Experi mental reproductive effects. Questionable
carcinogen with experimental tumorigenic
data. Mutation data reported. Potentially
explosive reaction with potassium nitrate +
sodium peroxide when heated in a sealed
container. Uxtures with alkali release
carbon monoxide when heated. When
heated to decomposition it emits acrid
smoke and irritating fumes. | [Hazardous Substances Data]
50-99-7(Hazardous Substances Data) | [Toxicity]
LD50 orally in Rabbit: 25800 mg/kg |
| Hazard Information | Back Directory | [General Description]
Watery odorless colorless liquid. Denser than water and soluble in water. Hence sinks in and mixes with water. | [Reactivity Profile]
A weak reducing agent. | [Air & Water Reactions]
Water soluble. | [Health Hazard]
No toxicity | [Chemical Properties]
White or almost white, crystalline powder. | [Originator]
Dextrose,Wockhardt Ltd.,India | [History]
D-Glucose is the most important and predominant monosaccharide found in nature. It
was isolated from raisins by Andreas Sigismund Marggraf (1709–1782) in 1747, and in 1838,
Jean-Baptiste-André Dumas (1800–1884) adopted the name glucose from the Greek word
glycos meaning sweet. Emil Fischer (1852–1919) determined the structure of glucose in the
late 19th century. Glucose also goes by the names dextrose (from its ability to rotate polarized
light to the right), grape sugar, and blood sugar. The term blood sugar indicates that glucose is the primary sugar dissolved in blood. Glucose’s abundant hydroxyl groups enable extensive
hydrogen bonding, and so glucose is highly soluble in water. | [Definition]
ChEBI: The open chain form of D-glucose. | [Definition]
Naturally
occurring GLUCOSE belongs to the
stereochemical series D and is dextrorotatory,
indicated by the symbol (+). Thus the
term dextrose is used to indicate D-(+)-glucose.
As other stereochemical forms of glucose
have no significance in biological
systems the term ‘glucose’ is often used interchangeably
with dextrose in biology. | [Manufacturing Process]
D-Glucose is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants
in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.
Dehydration of Dextrose Monohydrate.
1. Dehydration with Fluid-bed Dryer
Dextrose monohydrate was brought in a horizontal-placed turbo-dryer (VOMM,
Mailand, Italy). The dehydration occurred at a temperature of between 90° to
150°C in a stream of air of 5 Normalised m3/kg (i.e volume of gas at 0°C and
1 mbar) dextrose and a rotation speed of 1200 min-1.
Dehydration of Glucose Syrup (Dextrose Content 96%).
A glucose syrup (C*SWEET D 02763 Cerestar) (dry substance ca. 70%) was
sprayed at a flow rate of 7 kg/h at 70°C into a Niro FSD pilot plant spray
dryer. For powdering ca. 9 kg coarsely milled dried product at a ratio
liquid/solid of 1:2 was added. The atomising conditions were as follows:
The drying chamber was operated at:
The fluid bed was adjusted to: | [Brand name]
Cartose (Sterling Winthrop)
Dextrose. | [Therapeutic Function]
Sugar supplement | [Biotechnological Production]
The D-configuration of D-isoascorbic acid at C5 allows a short biosynthetic
pathway from D-glucose, i.e., its 1,5-glucopyranoside, which is oxidized
to D-glucono-1,5-lactone by glucose oxidase followed by oxidation at C2 by
D-gluconolactone oxidase. The immediate oxidation product of
D-glucono-1,5-lactone by gluconolactone oxidase already has reducing activity on,
e.g., 2,6-dichlorphenolindophenol. It is rather stable at pH 4. Upon pH shift, this
compound spontaneously converts to D-isoascorbic acid. The unidentified
immediate oxidation product could be 2-keto-D-glucono-1,5-lactone, which rearranges
via a reversible transesterification reaction to the 1,4-lactone followed by an
irreversible enolization to D-isoascorbic acid. The formation of 2-keto-D-gluconic
acid as the result of 2-keto-D-glucono-1,5-lactone hydrolysis was not reported. The
oxidation of the 1,4-lactone by D-gluconolactone oxidase might also occur to some
extent, since D-glucono-1,5-lactone shows a tendency to slowly rearrange to the
1,4-lactone at pH[4and the D-gluconolactone oxidase of Penicillium
cyaneofulvum accepts both D-glucono-1,5-lactone and the corresponding 1,4-lactone
. This reaction would directly deliver the keto-isomer of D-isoascorbic acid.
The sequence of the reactions from D-glucose to D-isoascorbic acid, first oxidation
at C1, then oxidation at C2 (C1, C2), is similar to the naturally evolved Asc
biosynthesis from L-galactose or L-gulose.
Oxidation of D-gluconolactone at C2 is also afforded by pyranose-2-oxidase
from Polyporus obtusus. In this reaction both D-isoascorbic acid and 2-keto-
D-gluconic acid were obtained in a roughly 1:1 ratio. Obviously, following the
natural C1, C2 oxidation sequence, transesterification and (iso)ascorbic acid formation
are preferred over hydrolysis and 2-keto sugar acid formation or are at least
possible to a significant extent.
If the sequence of oxidation reactions is reversed (C2, C1), i.e., D-glucopyranose
is first oxidized by pyranose-2-oxidase to D-glucosone followed by glucose oxidase
treatment, 2-keto-D-gluconate was reported as the only oxidation product.
Though not explicitly reported, it is safe to assume that the later oxidation occurs
with 2-keto-D-gluco-1,5-pyranose and delivers as the immediate reaction product
2-keto-D-glucono-1,5-lactone, which hydrolyzes affording 2-keto-D-gluconate. It is
unclear why the spontaneous follow-up reaction of 2-keto-D-glucono-1,5-lactone
delivers, at least to some extent, D-isoascorbic acid if obtained according to the C1,
C2 reaction sequence, but only 2-keto-D-gluconate if obtained by the C2, C1
oxidation sequence. | [Biochem/physiol Actions]
Glycogen phosphorylase, muscle associated (PYGM), is an important contributor to glycogenolysis. Down regulation of PYGM gene is observed in schizophrenia. Mutation in PYGM leads to McArdle disease, a glycogen storage disorder. The PYGM gene is significantly associated with energy production. | [target]
Antifection | ATP | [storage]
Store at RT | [Purification Methods]
Crystallise -D-glucose from hot glacial acetic acid or pyridine. Traces of solvent are removed by drying in a vacuum oven at 75o for >3hours. [Gottfried Adv Carbohydr Chem 5 127 1950, Kjaer & Lindberg Acta Chem Scand 1 3 1713 1959, Whistler & Miller Methods in Carbohydrate Chemistry I 1301962, Academic Press, Beilstein 1 IV 4306.] [For equilibrium forms see Angyal Adv Carbohydr Chem 42 15 1984, Angyal & Pickles Aust J Chem 25 1711 1972.] |
| Questions And Answer | Back Directory | [Description]
D(+)-glucose ,a short form of dextrorotatory glucose, is a stereoisomer of glucose molecule, which is biologically active and whose bottom chiral carbon has its hydroxyl group (OH) located spatially to the right. Its molecule can exist in an open-chain (acyclic) and ring (cyclic) form and has two isomers α- and β-. It is the main source of energy in the form of ATP for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. In animals, it arises from the breakdown of glycogen in a process known as glycogenolysis. D-(+)-Glucose has been used as a standard for the estimation of total sugar in hydrolyzed starch by phenol-sulfuric acid method. It has also been used in the preparation of the liquid media for culturing some yeast cells. In addition, it is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement, such as glucose syrup and glucose powder. It can be obtained by enzymatic cleavage of starch, so there are multiple sources like sugar cane, sugar beet, corn (corn syrup), potatoes and wheat. Today, large-scale starch hydrolysis is used to produce glucose.
| [References]
1. http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sigma/g8270?lang=en®ion=CA
2. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/D-glucose#section=Top
3. http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB00122
4. http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/D-glucose
5. http://www3.hhu.de/biodidaktik/zucker/sugar/glukose.html
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