| Identification | More | [Name]
Apraclonidine hydrochloride | [CAS]
73218-79-8 | [Synonyms]
2-[4-AMINO-2,6-DICHLOROANILINO]-2-IMIDAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE
2-[(4-AMINO-2,6-DICHLOROPHENYL)IMINO]IMIDAZOLIDINE MONOHYDROCHLORIDE
APRACLONIDINE HCL
APRACLONIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE
P-AMINOCLONIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE
2-(4-amino-2,6-dichlorophenylimino)imidazolidinehydrochloride
2,6-dichloro-n(sup1)-(2-imidazolidinylidene)-1,4-benzenediaminehydrochlorid
2,6-dichloro-n(sup1)-(4,5-dihydro-1h-imidazol-2-yl)-1,4-benzenediaminemonoh
3,5-dichloro-4-(2-imidazolidinylidenimino)anilinehydrochloride
4-benzenediamine,2,6-dichloro-n(sup1)-(4,5-dihydro-1h-imidazol-2-yl)-mono
alo-2145
iopidine
iopidineophthalmicsolution
nc14hydrochloride
2,6-Dichloro-N1-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-1,4-benzenediamine Hydrochloride
AL 02145
p-Aminoclonidine Monohydrochloride
2-(4-Amino-2,6-dichloroanilino)-2-imidazoline hydrochloride, Apraclonidine hydrochloride
Iopidine UD | [Molecular Formula]
C9H11Cl3N4 | [MDL Number]
MFCD00135922 | [Molecular Weight]
281.57 | [MOL File]
73218-79-8.mol |
| Chemical Properties | Back Directory | [Appearance]
Crystalline Solid | [Melting point ]
>2300C | [storage temp. ]
2-8°C
| [solubility ]
45% (w/v) aq 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin: 1.4 mg/mL Solutions may be stored for several days at 4?#x00b0;C
| [form ]
solid
| [color ]
white
| [Usage]
a-Adrenergic agonist; structural analog of clonidine. Used for treatment of post-surgical elevated intraocular pressure | [Stability:]
Moisture Sensitive | [Major Application]
pharmaceutical (small molecule) | [InChI]
1S/C9H10Cl2N4.ClH/c10-6-3-5(12)4-7(11)8(6)15-9-13-1-2-14-9;/h3-4H,1-2,12H2,(H2,13,14,15);1H | [InChIKey]
OTQYGBJVDRBCHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N | [SMILES]
Clc1c(c(cc(c1)N)Cl)N=C2NCCN2.Cl | [CAS DataBase Reference]
73218-79-8(CAS DataBase Reference) |
| Questions And Answer | Back Directory | [Preparation]
Using 2,6-dichloro-4-nitroaniline, formic acid, and acetic anhydride as starting materials, a formylation reaction was carried out to obtain N-(2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenyl)formamide; then, through chlorination and cyclization, 2-(2',6'-dichloro-4'-nitroanilino)-2-imidazoline was obtained. Finally, the nitro group in 2-(2',6'-dichloro-4'-nitroanilino)-2-imidazoline was reduced with hydrazine hydrate to prepare Apraclonidine hydrochloride (1), with an overall yield of 45%. The reduction of the nitro group in 2-(2',6'-dichloro-4'-nitroanilino)-2-imidazoline with hydrazine hydrate as a reducing agent was reported for the first time. No effect was observed on the imine bond, and the yield of this step was over 80%. |
| Safety Data | Back Directory | [Hazard Codes ]
T | [Risk Statements ]
R23/24/25:Toxic by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed . | [Safety Statements ]
S22:Do not breathe dust .
S36/37/39:Wear suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye/face protection .
S45:In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show label where possible) . | [RIDADR ]
UN 2811 6.1/PG 1
| [WGK Germany ]
3
| [HazardClass ]
6.1(b) | [PackingGroup ]
III | [HS Code ]
2933290000 | [Storage Class]
6.1A - Combustible acute toxic Cat. 1 and 2
very toxic hazardous materials | [Hazard Classifications]
Acute Tox. 1 Oral
STOT SE 1 |
| Hazard Information | Back Directory | [Chemical Properties]
Crystalline Solid | [Originator]
Alfadrops,Cipla Limited,India | [Uses]
a-Adrenergic agonist; structural analog of clonidine. Used for treatment of post-surgical elevated intraocular pressure | [Uses]
Apraclonidine hydrochloride can be used as α-Adrenergic agonist; structural analog of clonidine and be used for treatment of post-surgical elevated intraocular pressure.
| [Definition]
ChEBI: The hydrochloride salt of apraclonidine. | [Manufacturing Process]
The preparation of p-aminoclonidine (apraclonidine) consists of 6 steps.
In the first step 2,6-dichloro-4-nitroaniline was converted to 2,6-dicloro-4-
nitrophenylisothiocyanate by addition of thiophosgene in toluene according to
the method described in Great Britain Patent No.: 1,131,780 (Beck et al.).
The second step involved the conversation of 2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenylisothiocyanate
to 1-(2-aminoethyl)-3-(2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenyl)-thiourea
ethylenediamine solvate. The solution of 2,6-dicloro-4-nitrophenylisothiocyanate
(432 g, 1.73 mol) in 2 L of toluene was added dropwise to the
cooled (0°C) solution ethylenediamine (244 ml, 3.66 mol, 2.1 eq.) in toluene
(4 L) under a nitrogen atmosphere. 2-Propanol (1 L) was added and after 5
minutes, the solid was collected by filtration, washed with 20% 2-
propanol/toluene, and dried to a constant weight of 602 g (94%). This
product is hygroscopic, mp 120°C (dec.).
The third step was the conversation of 1-(2-aminoethyl)-3-(2,6-dichloro-4-
nitrophenyl)-thiourea ethylenediamine solvate to 2-[(2,6-dicloro-4-
nitrophenyl)imino]imidazoline ethylenediamine solvate. (500 g, 1.35 mol) of
above prepared thiourea solvate was suspended with toluene (4 L) and was
heated at reflux for 15 hours. The mixture was cooled to 23°C and 1 M
aqueous hydrochloric acid (4 L) was added. After stirring for 10 min the
biphasic mixture was filtered to remove a sticky insoluble material. The
aqueous phase was neutralized to pH=7.0 using 50% NaOH. After stirring for
1 hour the yellow solid was collected by filtration, washed with water (4 L)
and t-butyl methyl ether (2 L) and dried in air to constant weight of 195 g
(52%), m.p. 289-292°C.
The fourth step was the conversation of 2-[2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenyl)
imino]imidazoline (150 g, 0.55 mol) in methanol (1,5 L) to 2-[(2,6-dichloro-4-
aminophenyl)imino]imidazoline by hydrogen with 30 g Raney nickel catalyst at
23°C for 22 hours. After removing the catalyst hydrogen chloride gas was
bubbled into solution until pH of the reaction mixture was 1.0. The solvent
was rotary removed in vacuum and the residual solid was slurried with 2-
propanol (1 L). The solvent was again removed by rotary evaporation, the
cream solid was triturated with 2-propanol (600 ml). After aging for 1 hour,
the solid was collected by filtration, washed with 2-propanol and t-butyl
methyl ether, and dried for 15 hours at 6°C and t-butyl methyl ether, and
dried for 15 hours at 60°C and 20 mm Hg. Yield of dihydrochloride 167 g (96%), mp 260°C (dec.).
The dihydrochloride was converted to the monochloride (step 5) by adding 5
M aqueous sodium hydroxide dropwise to pH=6.5 at 5°C for 2 hours. Yield of
hydrochloride 87%.
The last step was recrystallization of product from water. The recrystallized
material had m.p. 300°C. Calculated for: C9H10Cl2N4HCl: C, 38.39; H, 3.94;
N, 19.90; Cl, 37.78. Found: C, 38.36; H, 3.91; N, 19.83; Cl, 37.77. | [Brand name]
Iopidine
(Alcon). | [Therapeutic Function]
Antiglaucoma | [References]
[1] Patent: CN104557716, 2017, B. Location in patent: Paragraph 0042; 0043; 0044; 0045; 0046; 0047; 0048-0057 |
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AFINE CHEMICALS LIMITED
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