Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane: Applications in Skincare Products and Side Effects

General Description

Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane is a crucial ingredient in skincare products, acting as a pH adjuster to maintain optimal pH levels for skin compatibility. Its role ensures products align closely with the skin's natural pH, minimizing irritations and enhancing absorption. However, in medical use, Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane can lead to serious side effects such as allergic reactions, low blood sugar, high potassium levels, and tissue damage if leaked from the vein. While some may experience minor side effects like nausea and headaches, many individuals may not experience any adverse reactions.

Figure 1. Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane

Applications in Skincare Products

Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, commonly known as tromethamine, plays a crucial role in cosmetics and skincare products as a pH adjuster and fragrance ingredient. Its widespread application is evident in the US Food and Drug Administration's Voluntary Cosmetic Registration Program, where it is listed as an ingredient in 488 leave-on products and 70 rinse-off products. Notably, leave-on nail creams and lotions contain up to 3.7% tromethamine, while eye makeup formulations may include up to 2%, fragrance preparations up to 0.2%, and skincare products up to 3.1%. As a pH adjuster, Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane is instrumental in establishing and maintaining the desired pH level of cosmetic and skincare formulations. The pH of a product is critical as it influences its compatibility with the skin. Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane operates within a useful buffer range of pH 7 to 9, ensuring that the products maintain an optimal pH level for skin application. The natural pH of the skin, typically ranging between 4.7 and 5.75, is important for maintaining the skin's protective barrier known as the 'acid mantle.' This acid mantle, consisting of amino/lactic acids and oils, shields the skin from environmental factors, including bacteria, pollutants, and water loss, thus preventing premature aging and irritation. Maintaining the skin's normal pH is crucial in cosmetic and skincare products. If a product's pH is too acidic, Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane can lead to skin irritation, while an excessively alkaline product can deplete the skin of essential natural fats and disrupt the acid mantle. Moreover, products with imbalanced pH levels may not be effectively absorbed by the skin. Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane's role as a pH adjuster ensures that cosmetic products are formulated to align closely with the skin's natural pH, minimizing potential irritations and maximizing product absorption. In summary, Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane serves as a vital component in cosmetics and skincare products, contributing to the maintenance of optimal pH levels and enhancing the compatibility and effectiveness of these products for the skin. ¹

Side Effects

Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane is a medication commonly used to treat metabolic acidosis and to stabilize the pH balance of the body during certain medical procedures. However, like all medications, Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane may cause some side effects. The serious side effects of Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane include signs of an allergic reaction such as rash, hives, itching, and difficulty breathing. It may also cause low blood sugar, resulting in dizziness, headache, confusion, and sweating. High potassium levels may also occur, leading to an irregular heartbeat, weakness, and shortness of breath. Additionally, Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane can cause trouble breathing, slow or shallow breathing, shortness of breath, and swelling in the arms or legs. Patients may also experience fever, which should be reported to their healthcare provider. One particular concern with Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane is that it may cause tissue damage if it leaks from the vein. Patients should report any redness, burning, pain, swelling, blisters, skin sores, or leaking of fluid where the drug is going into their body to their nurse immediately. While not as serious, Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane may also cause other side effects. These can include nausea, vomiting, headaches, and stomach pain. Some patients may also experience a sensation of warmth or flushing. However, many people do not experience any side effects at all or only have minor ones. ²

Reference

1. Elle MacLeman. Tromethamine: Why Is It In My Skincare? The Derm Review.

2. Tromethamine Side Effects. Drugs. 2023.