二酸化ケイ素（アモルファス） 化学特性,用途語,生産方法
定義
本品は、次の化学式で表される無機酸化物である。
解説
10
－9メートル(単位としてnm)．10億分の1メートル．10オングストローム．典型的な共有結合長の10倍程度の長さスケールである．「ナノテクノロジー」の「ナノ」とは，ナノメートルのことを指す．
化粧品の成分用途
不透明化剤、非活性剤系分散剤、抗ケーキング剤、吸着剤、研磨.スクラブ剤、増量剤
化学的特性
Amorphous silica, the noncrystalline form of SiO2, is a transparent to gray, odorless, amorphous powder
使用
Synthetic Amorphous Silica has interesting thickening and thixotropic properties, and an enormous external surface area. It is produced by a vapor phase hydrolysis process using chlorosilanes or substituted silanes such as, silicon tetrachloride in a flame of hydrogen and oxygen. This material is formed and collected in a dry state. This product contains no detectable crystalline silica.
調製方法
Colloidal silicon dioxide is prepared by the flame hydrolysis of
chlorosilanes, such as silicon tetrachloride, at 18008℃ using a
hydrogen–oxygen flame. Rapid cooling from the molten state
during manufacture causes the product to remain amorphous.
一般的な説明
Fumed silica may be synthesized by high temperature hydrolysis of SiCl
4 in O
2(N
2)/H
2 flame. It is amorphous in nature and possesses very high specific area. The micro droplets of amorphous silica fuse into a branch and form a chain like agglomerate.
応用例（製薬）
Colloidal silicon dioxide is widely used in pharmaceuticals,
cosmetics, and food products. Its small particle size
and large specific surface area give it desirable flow characteristics
that are exploited to improve the flow properties of dry powders
in a number of processes such as tableting and capsule filling.
Colloidal silicon dioxide is also used to stabilize emulsions and
as a thixotropic thickening and suspending agent in gels and
semisolid preparations. With other ingredients of similar refractive
index, transparent gels may be formed. The degree of viscosity
increase depends on the polarity of the liquid (polar liquids
generally require a greater concentration of colloidal silicon dioxide
than nonpolar liquids). Viscosity is largely independent of
temperature. However, changes to the pH of a system may affect
the viscosity1.
In aerosols, other than those for inhalation, colloidal silicon
dioxide is used to promote particulate suspension, eliminate hard
settling, and minimize the clogging of spray nozzles. Colloidal
silicon dioxide is also used as a tablet disintegrant and as an
adsorbent dispersing agent for liquids in powders. Colloidal
silicon dioxide is frequently added to suppository formulations
containing lipophilic excipients to increase viscosity, prevent
sedimentation during molding, and decrease the release rate.
Colloidal silicon dioxide is also used as an adsorbent during the
preparation of wax microspheres; as a thickening agent for
topical preparations; and has been used to aid the freeze-drying
of nanocapsules and nanosphere suspensions.
安全性プロファイル
Poison by intraperitoneal, intravenous, and intratracheal routes. Moderately toxic by ingestion. An inhalation hazard. Much less toxic than crystalhe forms. Questionable carcinogen with experimental carcinogenic data. Mutation data reported. Does not cause silicosis. See also other silica entries
安全性
Colloidal silicon dioxide is widely used in oral and topical
pharmaceutical products and is generally regarded as an essentially
nontoxic and nonirritant excipient. However, intraperitoneal and
subcutaneous injection may produce local tissue reactions and/or
granulomas. Colloidal silicon dioxide should therefore not be
administered parenterally.
LD
50 (rat, IV): 0.015 g/kg
LD
50 (rat, oral): 3.16 g/kg
職業ばく露
Amorphous fumed silica is used as a mineral, natural or synthetic fiber. A potential danger to those involved in the production and handling of fumed silica for paint pigments or catalysts. Diatomaceous earth is used in clarifying liquids, in manufacture of fire brick and heat insulators; used as a filtering agent; as a filler in construction materials; pesticides, paints, and varnishes. A potential danger to those involved in mining of diatomaceous earth or fabrication of products there from.
貯蔵
Colloidal silicon dioxide is hygroscopic but adsorbs large quantities
of water without liquefying. When used in aqueous systems at a pH
0–7.5, colloidal silicon dioxide is effective in increasing the viscosity
of a system. However, at a pH greater than 7.5 the viscosityincreasing
properties of colloidal silicon dioxide are reduced; and at
a pH greater than 10.7 this ability is lost entirely since the silicon
dioxide dissolves to form silicates. Colloidal silicon dioxide
powder should be stored in a well-closed container.
純化方法
Purification of silica for high technology applications uses isopiestic vapour distillation from concentrated volatile acids and is absorbed in high purity water. The impurities remain behind. Preliminary cleaning to remove surface contaminants uses dip etching in HF or a mixture of HCl, H2O2 and deionised water [Phelan & Powell Analyst 109 1299 1984].
不和合性
Silica, amorphous is a noncombustible solid. Generally unreactive chemically. Incompatible with fluorine, oxygen difluoride, chlorine trifluoride. Soluble in molten alkalis and reacts with most metallic oxides at high temperature.
廃棄物の処理
Sanitary landfill.
規制状況(Regulatory Status)
GRAS listed. Included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients Database
(oral capsules, suspensions, and tablets; transdermal, rectal, and
vaginal preparations). Also approved by the FDA as a food additive
and for food contact. Included in nonparenteral medicines licensed
in the UK. Included in the Canadian List of Acceptable Nonmedicinal
Ingredients.
二酸化ケイ素（アモルファス） 上流と下流の製品情報
原材料
準備製品