파라싸이온(파라티온)

파라싸이온(파라티온) 속성

파라싸이온(파라티온) C화학적 특성, 용도, 생산

개요

After exposure to parathion ethyl, one case of a bullous contact dermatitis was reported.

화학적 성질

Pure parathion is a pale yellow liquid with a faint odor of garlic, while technical parathion is a deep brown to yellow liquid. It is sparingly soluble in water, but soluble in alcohols, aromatic hydrocarbons, esters, ethers, n-hexane, dichloromethane, 2-propanol, toluene,and ketones. Parathion is one of the most acutely toxic pesticides and the US EPA has classifi ed parathion as an RUP, meaning it should only be handled by qualifi ed, trained, and certifi ed workers. In January 1992, the US EPA announced the cancellation of parathion for all uses on fruit, nut, and vegetable crops. Parathion was used for the control of pests of fruits, nuts, and vegetable crops. The only uses retained are those on alfalfa, barley, corn, cotton, sorghum, soybeans, sunfl owers, and wheat. Further, to reduce exposure of agricultural workers, parathion may only be applied to these crops by commercially certifi ed aerial applicators and treated crops may not be harvested by hand. Parathion is a broad spectrum, organophosphate pesticide used to control many insects and mites.

물리적 성질

Pale yellow to dark brown liquid with a garlic-like odor. Robeck et al. (1965) reported odor threshold concentrations of 3 and 36 ppm for technical and pure grades, respectively.

용도

Parathion is an organophosphate insecticide used on cotton, rice and fruit trees.

일반 설명

Light-yellow liquid, Parathion turn solid at 6° C, a deadly poison by all routes. Organic phosphate insecticide, acts as an inhibitor of cholinesterase.

공기와 물의 반응

Parathion is slightly soluble in water.

반응 프로필

Pure parathion is a pale yellow liquid with a faint odour of garlic, while the technical parathion is a deep brown to yellow liquid. It is sparingly soluble in water but soluble in alcohols, aromatic hydrocarbons, esters, ethers, n-hexane, dichloromethane, 2-propanol, toluene, and ketones.
Violent reaction when PARATHION is used as solvent to dissolve endrin. When heated to decomposition Parathion emits very toxic fumes of oxides of sulfur, phosphorus and nitrogen [Lewis, 3rd ed., 1993, p. 984].

건강위험

Parathion is highly toxic by all routes of exposure. Parathion, like all organophosphate pesticides, inhibits acetylcholinesterase and alters cholinergic synaptic transmission at neuroeffector junctions (muscarinic effects), at skeletal myoneural junctions, in autonomic ganglia (nicotinic effects), and in the CNS. Exposures to parathion cause symptoms of poisoning that include, but are not limited to, abdominal cramps, vomiting, diarrhea, pinpoint pupils, blurred vision, excessive sweating, salivation and lacrimation, wheezing, excessive tracheobronchial secretions, agitation, seizures, bradycardia or tachycardia, muscle twitching and weakness, and urinary bladder and fecal incontinence. Seizures are much more common in children than in adults. Severe exposures cause loss of consciousness, coma, excessive bronchial secretions, respiratory depression, cardiac irregularity, eventually leading to death. Occupational workers and the general public with health disorders and abnormalities, such as cardiovascular, liver or kidney diseases, glaucoma, or CNS, are at an increased risk of parathion poisoning. Further, high environmental temperatures enhance the severity of parathion poisoning.

화재위험

Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. Substance may be transported in a molten form.

농업용

Insecticide, Acaricide: The U.S. EPA announced in November, 2000, the cancellation of ethyl parathion immediately on seed corn and the eventual phase out for its use in other pesticide products by the end of 2000. By the end of October, 2003, the U.S. EPA phased out its use to control insects and mites on alfalfa, barley, corn, canola, sorghum, soybeans, sunflowers and wheat. Also used to control nuisance birds. Not listed for use in EU countries. Not registered for use in the U.S. There are 25 global suppliers.

상품명

(There are 921 active and canceled/transferred labels registered with the U.S. EPA) ACC 3422®; ALKRON®[C]; ALLERON®; AMERICAN CYANAMID 3422®; APHAMITE®; ARALO®; B 404®; BAY E-605®; BAYER E-605®; BLADAN®; BLADAN F®; COMPOUND 3422®; COROTHION®; CORTHION®; COR-THION®; DANTHION®; DREXEL PARATHION 8E®; E 605®; E 605 F®; ECATOX®; EKATIN WF & WF ULV®; EKATOX®; ETHLON®; ETILON®; FIGHTER®; FOLIDOL®; FOLIDOL E®; FOLIDOL E-605®; FOLIDOL E&E 605®; FOLIDOL OIL®; FOSFERMO®; FOSFERNO®; FOSFEX®; FOSFIVE®; FOSOVA®; FOSTERN®; FOSTOX®; GEARPHOS®; GENITHION®; IDA SEIS-TRES 6-3®; KALPHOS®; KOLODUST®[C]; KYPTHION®; LETHALAIRE G-54®; LIROTHION®; MURFOS®; MURPHOS®; NIRAN®[C]; NIUIF 100®; NITROSTIGMINE®; NOURITHION®; NOVAFOS-M®; OLEOFOS 20®; OLEOPARATHENE®; OLEOPARATHION®; ORTHOPHOS®; PAC®; PACOL®; PARA-KILL®[C]; PARAMAR®; PARA-TOX®[C]; PANTHION®; PARADUST®; PARAPHOS®; PARAWET®; PENNCAP E®; PESTOX PLUS®; PETHION®; PHOSKIL®; PLEOPARAPHENE®; RHODIASOL®; RHODIATOX®; RHODIATROX®; SEIS-TRES 6-3®; SELEPHOS®; SOPRATHION®; STATHION®; SULPHOS®; SUPER RODIATOX®; T-47®; THIOMEX®; THIOPHOS®; THIOPHOS® 3422; TIOFOS®; TOX 47®; TOXOL®; VAPOPHOS®; VITREX®; WOPROPHOS®

색상 색인 번호

One case was reported of a bullous contact dermatitis due to ethylparathion.

Safety Profile

A deadly poison by all routes. Human systemic effects by ingestion: general anesthetic; pulmonary effects; and hdney, ureter, bladder effects, true cholinesterase changes. Experimental teratogenic and reproductive effects. Questionable carcinogen with experimental carcinogenic and tumorigenic data. Human mutation data reported. A cholinesterase inhibitor. Parathon, like the other organic phosphorus poisons, acts as an irreversible inhibitor of the enzyme cholinesterase and thus allows the accumulation of large amounts of acetylcholine. When a critical level of cholinesterase depletion is reached, grave symptoms appear. Whether death is actually caused entirely by cholinesterase depletion or by the disturbance of a number of enzymes is not yet known. Recovery is apparently complete if a poisoned animal or human has time to re-form a critical amount of cholinesterase. The organism exposed remains susceptible to relatively low dosages of parathion untd the chohnesterase has regenerated. Small doses at frequent intervals are, therefore, more or less additive. There is no indication that, when recovery from a given exposure is entirely complete, the exposed organism is prejudiced in any way. Combustible when exposed to heat or flame. Violent reaction with endrin. Highly dangerous; shock can shatter the container, releasing the contents A broad spectrum insecticide in agricultural applications. When heated to decomposition it emits highly toxic fumes of NOx, POx, and SOx.

잠재적 노출

A severely hazardous pesticide formulation. Those exposed include those engaged in manufacture,formulation and application of this broad spectrum insecticide. This material has also been used as a chemical warfare agent.

Carcinogenicity

In an animal bioassay a dose-related increase in the incidence of adrenal cortical adenomas (with a few carcinomas at this site as well) has been observed in one strain of rats in both sexes. The significance of these lesions in aged rats in unclear. Other bioassays in mice and rats had sufficient limitations, such that the IARC deemed them inadequate for evaluation and concluded that there are insufficient data to evaluate the carcinogenicity of parathion for animals and no data for humans.

신진 대사 경로

The structure of parathion is similar to those of methyl parathion (the dimethylphosphoryl analogue) and fenitrothion which has a 3-methyl group on the phenyl ring: consequently the environmental fate and pathways for biotransformation are similar. As the first commercial organophosphorus insecticide, many studies have been conducted on its mechanisms of activation and degradation in a very wide range of organisms. The following is necessarily a selection of only some of the results which have been used to illustrate the principles of its metabolism. The principal metabolic routes of degradation in all media are via de-esterification to give O,O-diethyl phosphorothioate and 4-nitrophenol and by de-ethylation to desethylparathion (a less important route). Activation to the toxic anticholinesterase metabolite paraoxon is also a major metabolic route in soil, plants and animals. Paraoxon is also formed photochemically in the environment; however, it is relatively quickly detoxified in animals and plants by esterase and base-catalysed hydrolysis to 4-nitrophenol and diethyl phosphate. A further detoxification mechanism, which is mainly important in the soil, and possibly in plants and in ruminants, is reduction of the 4nitro group to yield aminoparathion. 4-Nitrophenol is conjugated in plants as the glucoside, in insects as the glucoside and/or sulfate ester and in mammals as the glucuronide and the sulfate ester.

신진 대사

The principal degradation routes of parathion in animals, plants, and soil are dearylation and dealkylation to give O,O-diethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate, p-nitrophenol, and desethylparathion. Oxidative desulfuration also occurs to form the active methabolite paraoxon, which is quickly detoxified by hydrolysis. DT₅₀ in soil was 65 d.

운송 방법

UN3278 Organophosphorus compound, liquid, toxic, n.o.s., Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials, Technical Name Required, Potential Inhalation Hazard (Special Provision 5).UN2783 Organophosphorus pesticides, solid, toxic, Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials. UN3018 Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, toxic, Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1- Poisonous materials.

비 호환성

Incompatible with oxidizers (chlorates, nitrates, peroxides, permanganates, perchlorates, chlorine, bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact may cause fires or explosions. Keep away from alkaline materials, strong bases, strong acids, oxoacids, epoxides. Strong oxidizers may cause release of toxic phosphorus oxides. Organophosphates, in the presence of strong reducing agents such as hydrides, may form highly toxic and flammable phosphine gas. Keep away from alkaline materials. Attacks some plastics, rubbers, and coatings. Rapidly hydrolyzed by alkalis.

폐기물 처리

Consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices. Generators of waste containing this contaminant (≥100 kg/mo) must conform with EPA regulations governing storage, transportation, treatment, and waste disposal. In accordance with 40CFR165, follow recommendations for the disposal of pesticides and pesticide containers. Must be disposed properly by following package label directions or by contacting your local or federal environmental control agency, or by contacting your regional EPA office. One manufacturer recommends the use of a detergent in a 5% trisodium phosphate solution for parathion disposal and cleanup problems. For parathion disposal in general, however, the recommended method is incineration (816°C, 0.5 second minimum for primary combustion; 1204°C, 1.0 second for secondary combustion) with adequate scrubbing and ash disposal facilities.

파라싸이온(파라티온) 준비 용품 및 원자재

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