니켈

니켈 속성

니켈 C화학적 특성, 용도, 생산

개요

니켈은 은백색의 강한 광택이 있는 금속이다. 철족 원소로 단단하며 가단성과 연성이 있다. 황 화합물인 침상니켈석이나 비소 화합물인 홍비니켈석, 황/비소 화합물인 황비니켈석 광물에서 산출된다.

용도

공기 중에서 변하지 않고, 산화 반응을 일으키지 않아 도금이나 합금 등을 통해 동전의 재료로 사용된다. 자성을 띠며 코발트와 함께 산출된다.

용도

특히 니켈은 표면이 산화하며 치밀한 막이생겨 내부를 보호해서 녹이 잘 슬지않으므로 철등 금속의 부식방지하는 니켈도금용으로 널리 쓰인다. 하지만 대부분은 철과 크롬과 합금해 스테인리스강을 만드는데 쓰인다. 그외 각종 다른 합금을 만드는 재료로 널리 쓰인다.

확인시험

  이 품목의 정량법에 따라 얻어진 시험용액 5mL에 브롬시액 몇 방울을 가하고 수산화암모늄을 가하여 약 알칼리성으로 한 다음 디메틸글리옥심시액 2∼3mL 가할 때 시험용액의 색은 진한 적색을 나타내며, 침전이 생긴다.

정량법

  이 품목 2g을 정밀히 달아 정량용 여과지 펄프로 반 정도 채운 100mL 자제도가니에 취하고, 650℃까지 서서히 가열하여 표면의 유지가 여과지 펄프에 잘 흡수되도록 하고 서서히 탄화시킨 다음 650℃에서 2시간 동안 강열하여 회화한다. 식힌 다음 염산 20mL을 가하여 그 액을 400mL 비이커로 옮기고, 조심스럽게 수욕조에서 증발건고 시킨다. 다시 식힌 다음 염산 20mL을 가하고 잘 녹을 수 있도록 따뜻하게 하여 500mL 메스플라스크 옮긴 후 물을 눈금까지 채운 다음 혼합한다. 불용물이 가라앉을 때까지 정치시킨 다음 상징액 50mL을 취하여 400mL 비이커에 옮긴 후 물을 가하여 250mL로 한다(만약 비이커에 잔류물이 있는 경우 중간 속도의 여과지에 여과하여 취함). 주석산 2g을 가한 후 80℃로 가열한 다음 디메틸글리옥심시액 30mL을 가한다. 시험용액이 약 알칼리성이 될 때까지 수산화암모늄을 가한 후 수욕조에 20분간 둔다. 침전물을 유리여과기에 여과시킨 후 침전물의 세척액이 염화물 반응을 보이지 않을 때까지 뜨거운 물로 씻어준다. 침전물을 120℃에서 2시간 동안 건조시킨 후 항량이 될 때까지 데시케이터에서 건조하여 무게를 측정하고, 다음 식에 따라 니켈의 함량(%)을 구한다.

                        20.32 : 침전물의 니켈 %

정의

  이 품목은 니켈 촉매로서 수소 및 열 처리로 활성화 시켜 얻어진 것이다. 다만, 품질보존 등을 위하여 실리카, 가공유지 등을 첨가할 수 있다.

화학적 성질

RANEY NICKEL is a hard, ductile, magnetic metal with a silver-white color.

물리적 성질

Nickel metal does not exist freely in nature. Rather, it is located as compounds in ores ofvarying colors, ranging from reddish-brown rocks to greenish and yellowish deposits, andin copper ores. Once refined from its ore, the metallic nickel is a silver-white and hard butmalleable and ductile metal that can be worked hot or cold to fabricate many items. Nickel,located in group 10, and its close neighbor, copper, just to its right in group 11 of the periodictable, have two major differences. Nickel is a poor conductor of electricity, and copper is anexcellent conductor, and although copper is not magnetic, nickel is. Nickel’s melting point is1,455°C, its boiling point is 2,913°C, and its density is 8.912 g/cm³.

Isotopes

There are 31 isotopes of nickel, ranging from Ni-48 to Ni-78. Five of these arestable, and the percentage of their contribution to the element’s natural existence onEarth are as follows: Ni-58 = 68.077%, Ni-60 = 26.223%, Ni-61 = 1.140%, Ni-62 =3.634%, and Ni 64 = 0.926%. All of the other 26 isotopes of nickel are artificially madeand radioactive with half-lives ranging from a few nanoseconds to 7.6×10⁴ years.

Origin of Name

The name is derived from the ore niccolite, meaning “Old Nick,” referred to as the devil by German miners. The niccolite mineral ore was also called “kupfernickel,” which in German stands for two things; first, it is the name of a gnome (similar to Cobalt), and second, it refers to “Old Nick’s false copper.”

출처

Nickel is the 23rd most abundant element found in the Earth’s crust. It is somewhat plentiful but scattered and makes up one-hundredth of 1% of igneous rocks. Nickel metal is foundin meteorites (as are some other elements). It is believed that molten nickel, along with iron,makes up the central sphere that forms the core of the Earth.There are several types of nickel ores. One is the major ore for nickel called pentlandite(NiS ? 2FeS), which is iron/nickel sulfide. Another is a mineral called niccolite (NiAs), discovered in 1751 and first found in a mining area of Sweden. By far, the largest mining area fornickel is located in Ontario, Canada, where it is recovered from what is thought to be a verylarge meteorite that crashed into the Earth eons ago. This large nickel deposit is one reasonfor the theory of the Earth’s core being molten nickel and iron, given that both the Earth andmeteorites were formed during the early stages of the solar system. Some nickel ores are alsofound in Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and Scandinavia. Traces of nickel exist in soils, coal,plants, and animals.

Characteristics

As mentioned, nickel is located in group 10 (VIII) and is the third element in the specialtriad (Fe, Co, Ni) of the first series of the transition elements. Nickel’s chemical and physicalproperties, particularly its magnetic peculiarity, are similar to iron and cobalt.Some acids will attack nickel, but it offers excellent protection from corrosion from air andseawater. This quality makes it excellent for electroplating other metals to form a protectivecoating. Nickel is also an excellent alloy metal, particularly with iron, for making stainless steelas well as a protective armor for military vehicles. It is malleable and can be drawn throughdies to form wires. About one pound of nickel metal can be drawn to about 200 miles of thinwire.

용도

Nickel-plating; for various alloys such as new silver, Chinese silver, German silver; for coins, electrotypes, storage batteries; magnets, lightning-rod tips, electrical contacts and electrodes, spark plugs, machinery parts; catalyst for hydrogenation of oils and other organic substances. See also Raney nickel. manufacture of Monel metal, stainless steels, heat resistant steels, heat and corrosion resistant alloys, nickel-chrome resistance wire; in alloys for electronic and space applications.

정의

ChEBI: Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.

제조 방법

The carbonyl process is most commonly employed when very pure nickel is required. The impure metal is reacted with pure carbon monoxide at 50° and the carbonyl produced fractionated several times prior to pyrolysis at around 200°. The nickel thus obtained has a purity of 99.90-99.99% depending upon the materials used.
Electrolytic methods for producing high purity nickel depend upon the production of high purity nickel salts. The nickel obtained by the electrolysis of pure nickel chloride solution with inert platinum-iridium anodes is 99.99% pure.

생산 방법

Nickel is obtained by processing sulfide and laterite ore concentrates using pyrometallurgic and hydrometallurgic processes. The resultant nickel matte obtained by roasting and smelting is subjected to further cleaning by electro-, vapo-, and hydrometallurgic refining methods. Some portion of the matte is roasted to obtain commercial nickel oxide agglomerate. Pure, 99.9% nickel can be obtained by electrolytic refining process.
The most pure, 99.97%, nickel is obtained by vapometallurgy. In this process, known also as the Mond method,nickel and copper sulfide blend is converted to oxides and then reduced by heating with water gas at 350–400°C. The resultant active form of nickel is treated with carbon monoxide to give volatile nickel carbonyl [Ni(CO)4]. The latter reaction is reversible; heating results in pure nickel and carbon monoxide.

일반 설명

Nickel catalyst, is extremely fine powdered nickel. Nickel is grayish colored. Insoluble in water. Nickel catalyst is used to promote the chemical action in manufacturing synthetics and to process vegetable oil and petroleum. If exposed to air or moisture, Nickel may become hot enough to ignite. Nickel is insoluble in water and does not react with larger volumes of water.

공기와 물의 반응

Pyrophoric, Ignites spontaneously in the presence of air; during storage, H2 escapes with fire and explosion hazards; reacts violently with acids forming H2. [Handling Chemicals Safely 1980. p. 807].

반응 프로필

Metals, such as METAL CATALYST, are reducing agents and tend to react with oxidizing agents. Their reactivity is strongly influenced by their state of subdivision: in bulk they often resist chemical combination; in powdered form they may react very rapidly. Thus, as a bulk metal Nickel is somewhat unreactive, but finely divided material may be pyrophoric. The metal reacts exothermically with compounds having active hydrogen atoms (such as acids and water) to form flammable hydrogen gas and caustic products. The reactions are less vigorous than the similar reactions of alkali metals, but the released heat can still ignite the released hydrogen. Materials in this group may react with azo/diazo compounds to form explosive products. These metals and the products of their corrosion by air and water can catalyze polymerization reactions in several classes of organic compounds; these polymerizations sometimes proceed rapidly or even explosively. Some metals in this group form explosive products with halogenated hydrocarbons. Can react explosively with oxidizing materials.

위험도

Nickel dust and powder are flammable. Most nickel compounds, particularly the salts, aretoxic. NiSO₄ is a known carcinogen.
Although nickel is not easily absorbed in the digestive system, it can cause toxic reactionsand is a confirmed carcinogen in high concentration in the body. Nickel workers can receivesevere skin rashes and lung cancer from exposure to nickel dust and vapors.
Nickel is stored in the brain, spinal cord, lungs, and heart. It can cause coughs, shortnessof breath, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and general weakness.

화재위험

Flammable/combustible material. May ignite on contact with moist air or moisture. May burn rapidly with flare-burning effect. Some react vigorously or explosively on contact with water. Some may decompose explosively when heated or involved in a fire. May re-ignite after fire is extinguished. Runoff may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated.

Safety Profile

Confirmed carcinogen with experimental carcinogenic, neoplastigenic, and tumorigenic data. Poison by ingestion, intratracheal, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, and intravenous routes. An experimental teratogen. Ingestion of soluble salts causes nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Mutation data reported. Hypersensitivity to nickel is common and can cause allergic contact dermatitis, pulmonary asthma, conjunctivitis, and inflammatory reactions around nickel-containing medcal implants and prostheses. Powders may ignite spontaneously in air. Reacts violently with F2, NH4NO3, hydrazine, NH3, (H2 + dioxane), performic acid, P, Se, S, (Ti + KCLO3). Incompatible with oxidants (e.g., bromine pentafluoride, peroxyformic acid, potassium perchlorate, chlorine, nitryl fluoride, ammonium nitrate), Raney-nickel catalysts may initiate hazardous reactions with ethylene + aluminum chloride, pdioxane, hydrogen, hydrogen + oxygen, magnesium silicate, methanol, organic solvents + heat, sulfur compounds. Nickel catalysts have caused many industrial accidents.

Carcinogenicity

Metallic nickel is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogenbased on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals.

운송 방법

UN3089 Metal powders, flammable, n.o.s., Hazard Class: 4.1; Labels: 4.1-Flammable solid. UN3077 Environmentally hazardous substances, solid, n.o.s., Hazard Class: 9; Labels: 9-Miscellaneous hazardous material, Technical Name Required.

비 호환성

Nickel dust is a spontaneously flammable solid and a dangerous fire hazard.

폐기물 처리

Nickel compoundsencapsulation followed by disposal in a chemical waste landfill. However, nickel from various industrial wastes may also be recovered and recycled as described in the literature.

니켈 준비 용품 및 원자재

원자재

준비 용품

니켈 공급 업체

공급자	전화	이메일	국가	제품 수	이점
Hebei Saisier Technology Co., LTD	+86-18400010335 +86-13102810335	admin@hbsaisier.cn	China	772	58
Yujiang Chemical (Shandong) Co.,Ltd.	+86-17736087130 +86-18633844644	catherine@yjchem.com.cn	China	149	58
Henan Tianfu Chemical Co.,Ltd.	+86-0371-55170693 +86-19937530512	info@tianfuchem.com	China	21691	55
Hefei TNJ Chemical Industry Co.,Ltd.	+86-0551-65418679 +86-18949832763	info@tnjchem.com	China	2989	55
career henan chemical co	+86-0371-86658258	sales@coreychem.com	China	29914	58
Hubei xin bonus chemical co. LTD	86-13657291602	linda@hubeijusheng.com	CHINA	22968	58
CONIER CHEM AND PHARMA LIMITED	+8618523575427	sales@conier.com	China	49390	58
SIMAGCHEM CORP	+86-13806087780	sale@simagchem.com	China	17367	58
Hefei TNJ Chemical Industry Co.,Ltd.	0551-65418671	sales@tnjchem.com	China	34572	58
ANHUI WITOP BIOTECH CO., LTD	+8615255079626	eric@witopchemical.com	China	23556	58

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