|
Phenothiazine
Property |
|
|
|
Boiling point : |
371 °C(lit.)
|
|
|
|
|
refractive index : |
1.6353 |
|
|
|
|
storage temp. : |
Store below +30°C. |
|
|
|
|
PH: |
6 (10g/l, H2O, 20℃)(aqueous suspension) |
|
|
Water Solubility : |
2 mg/L (25 ºC) |
|
|
Sensitive : |
Light Sensitive |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Stability:: |
Stable. Combustible. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, strong acids. May discolour upon exposure to light. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
SAFETY
- Risk and Safety Statements
- Hazard and Precautionary Statements (GHS)
| Symbol(GHS): |
 
|
| Signal word: |
Warning |
| Hazard statements: |
| Code |
Hazard statements |
Hazard class |
Category |
Signal word |
Pictogram |
P-Codes |
| H302 |
Harmful if swallowed |
Acute toxicity,oral |
Category 4 |
Warning |
|
P264, P270, P301+P312, P330, P501 |
| H317 |
May cause an allergic skin reaction |
Sensitisation, Skin |
Category 1 |
Warning |
|
P261, P272, P280, P302+P352,P333+P313, P321, P363, P501 |
| H319 |
Causes serious eye irritation |
Serious eye damage/eye irritation |
Category 2A |
Warning |
|
P264, P280, P305+P351+P338,P337+P313P |
| H373 |
May cause damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure |
Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure |
Category 2 |
Warning |
|
P260, P314, P501 |
| H402 |
Harmful to aquatic life |
Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard |
Category 3 |
|
|
|
| H412 |
Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects |
Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard |
Category 3 |
|
|
P273, P501 |
|
| Precautionary statements: |
| P260 |
Do not breathe dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray. |
| P261 |
Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray. |
| P273 |
Avoid release to the environment. |
| P280 |
Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection. |
| P321 |
Specific treatment (see … on this label). |
| P305+P351+P338 |
IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continuerinsing. |
| P333+P313 |
IF SKIN irritation or rash occurs: Get medical advice/attention. |
|
Phenothiazine
Chemical Properties,Usage,Production
|
description
Phenothiazine is a class of agents exhibiting antiemetic, antipsychotic, antihistaminic, and anticholinergic activities. Phenothiazines antagonize the dopamine D2-receptor in the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) of the brain, potentially preventing chemotherapy-induced emesis. In addition, these agents have peripherally or centrally antagonistic activity against alpha adrenergic, serotonergic, histaminic, and muscarinic receptors.
Phenothiazines are used to treat serious mental and emotional disorders, including schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. Some are used also to control agitation in certain patients, severe nausea and vomiting, severe hiccups, and moderate to severe pain in some hospitalized patients. Chlorpromazine is used also in the treatment of certain types of porphyria, and with other medicines in the treatment of tetanus. Phenothiazines may also be used for other conditions as determined by your doctor. |
|
Chemical Properties
It is clean gray-green powder with the melting point of 185.5 ℃, boiling point of 371 ℃, 290 ℃ (5.33kPa). It is insoluble in petroleum ether, chloroform and water, and soluble in ether and hot acetic acid. It will be oxidized upon exposure to light in the air.
|
|
side effects
For more than a decade, phenothiazine drugs have been used to treat a variety of disorders and have proved particularly effective in the treatment of schizophrenia. Clinical experience indicates that initial extremely high dosages are necessary to effect improvement of patients with schizophrenic illnesses.
During 1964, several sequelae have been reported following prolonged high dosage of these drugs. These recent reports refer to side effects which are apparently permanent, in contrast to earlier communications of transient deleterious effects. For example, it has been known for several years that extrapyramidal disorders occur frequently in patients taking phenothiazines; however, a reduction in dosage or cessation of medication appeared to produce a return to the normal state.
Phenothiazines may cause unwanted, unattractive, and uncontrolled face or body movements that may not go away when you stop taking the medicine. They may also cause other serious unwanted effects. You and your doctor should talk about the good this medicine will do as well as the risks of using it. Also, your doctor should look for early signs of these effects at regular visits. Your doctor may be able to stop or decrease some unwanted effects, if they do occur, by changing your dose or by making other changes in your treatment.
These medicines are available only with your doctor's prescription.
Levoprome(R) (methotrimeprazine) is no longer available in the United States. At the end of May 1998, Immunex Corporation stopped marketing it.
Once a medicine has been approved for marketing for a certain use, experience may show that it also is useful for other medical problems. Although these uses are not included in product labeling, phenothiazines are used in certain patients with the following medical conditions:
- Chronic neurogenic pain (certain continuing pain conditions)
- Huntington's chorea (hereditary movement disorder)
- Migraine headaches
|
|
Uses
- Phenothiazine is a relatively widely used anthelmintic reagent with excellent efficacy in treating the Haemonchus contortus of cattle, horse and sheep, nodular worm, Bunostomum and Plasmodium chabaudi.
- Phenothiazine is the intermediates of fine chemicals such as dyes and drugs with itself being a auxiliary material for synthetic material (the anti-polymerization reagent for production of vinylon), fruit pesticides and veterinary anthelmintic.
- It is mainly used as the polymerization inhibitor for acrylic acid, acrylic esters, and methacrylic aicd as well as ester monomer.
|
|
Synthesis
22 g of diphenylamine, 8.2 g of sulfur, and 3.2 gms. of anhydrous aluminum chloride are melted together. The reaction sets 140-150° C with the rapid evolution of hydrogen sulfide; by lowerg the temperature, a few degrees the reaction can be slackened. Wen the reaction has moderated, the temperature is raised to 160° C for a time. The melt, when cool, is ground up and extracted, first with water and then with dilute alcohol. The residue consists of almost pure phenothiazine. It can be recrystallised from alcohol. Yield 93%, yellowish leaflets; m.p. 180° C.
Systematic organic chemistry, by W. M. Cumming, 325-326, 1937. |
|
Chemical Properties
yellow or pale green powder |
|
Uses
A key component of antipsychotic and antihistaminic drugs. |
|
Uses
Employed in the preparation of carbazoles and piperazines,1 and charge-transfer semiconducting complexes.2 |
|
Uses
A rigid, tricyclic thiazine useful as an electron donor. |
|
Definition
ChEBI: The 10H-tautomer of phenothiazine. |
|
General Description
Light green to steel-blue powder. Acquires a greenish-brown tint under exposure to sunlight. |
|
Air & Water Reactions
Insoluble in water. |
|
Reactivity Profile
Phenothiazine is slowly decomposed by sunlight. . Organosulfides are incompatible with acids, diazo and azo compounds, halocarbons, isocyanates, aldehydes, alkali metals, nitrides, hydrides, and other strong reducing agents. Reactions with these materials generate heat and in many cases hydrogen gas. Many of these compounds may liberate hydrogen sulfide upon decomposition or reaction with an acid. |
|
Fire Hazard
Flash point data for Phenothiazine are not available, but Phenothiazine is probably combustible. |
|
|
|
Phenothiazine
Suppliers Global( 250)Suppliers
|
|
|
|