Cisplatin Chemische Eigenschaften,Einsatz,Produktion Methoden
R-Sätze Betriebsanweisung:
R45:Kann Krebs erzeugen.
R25:Giftig beim Verschlucken.
R41:Gefahr ernster Augenschäden.
R60:Kann die Fortpflanzungsfähigkeit beeinträchtigen.
R46:Kann vererbbare Schäden verursachen.
R42/43:Sensibilisierung durch Einatmen und Hautkontakt möglich.
R36/37/38:Reizt die Augen, die Atmungsorgane und die Haut.
S-Sätze Betriebsanweisung:
S53:Exposition vermeiden - vor Gebrauch besondere Anweisungen einholen.
S26:Bei Berührung mit den Augen sofort gründlich mit Wasser abspülen und Arzt konsultieren.
S39:Schutzbrille/Gesichtsschutz tragen.
S45:Bei Unfall oder Unwohlsein sofort Arzt zuziehen (wenn möglich, dieses Etikett vorzeigen).
S36/37/39:Bei der Arbeit geeignete Schutzkleidung,Schutzhandschuhe und Schutzbrille/Gesichtsschutz tragen.
S22:Staub nicht einatmen.
Chemische Eigenschaften
Cisplatin is a white powder or yellow crystalline solid with the melting point 268-272°C (decomposition). It is slightly soluble in water and easily soluble in dimethylformamide. In aqueous solution, it can be gradually transformed into trans-and hydrolysis.
Verwenden
Cisplatin is a cytostatic agent and it is used to treat various
cancer types, including cancer of ovary, testis, lung, head,
neck, bladder, neuroblastoma, and nephroblastoma, and
Hodgkin’s disease and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
Vorbereitung Methode
Cisplatin is obtained by the method described by Kauffman
and Cowan, in which potassium(II) tetrachloroplatinate
is treated with buffered aqueous ammonia solution.
Pure cisplatin is obtained by recrystallization from dilute
hydrochloric acid.
Indications
Cisplatin (Platinol) is an inorganic coordination complex
with a broad range of antitumor activity. It is especially
useful in the treatment of testicular and ovarian
cancer. It binds to DNA at nucleophilic sites, such as the
N7 and O6 of guanine, producing alterations in DNA
structure and inhibition of DNA synthesis. Adjacent
guanine residues on the same DNA strand are preferentially
cross-linked. This platinating activity is analogous
to the mode of action of alkylating agents. Cisplatin also
binds extensively to proteins. It does not appear to be
phase specific in the cell cycle.
Definition
ChEBI: Cisplatin is a diamminedichloroplatinum compound in which the two ammine ligands and two chloro ligands are oriented in a cis planar configuration around the central platinum ion. An anticancer drug that interacts with, and forms cross-links between, D A and proteins, it is used as a neoplasm inhibitor to treat solid tumours, primarily of the testis and ovary.
Allgemeine Beschreibung
An anticancer drug. Orange-yellow to deep yellow solid or powder.
Air & Water Reaktionen
Insoluble in water.
Reaktivität anzeigen
Cisplatin is incompatible with oxidizing agents. Cisplatin is also incompatible with aluminum. Cisplatin may react with sodium bisulfite and other antioxidants.
Brandgefahr
Flash point data for Cisplatin are not available; however, Cisplatin is probably combustible.
Pharmazeutische Anwendungen
CDDP, also referred to as cisplatinum or cisplatin, is a yellow powder and has found widespread use a
chemotherapeutic agent.
Biologische Aktivität
Cisplatin is a platinum-containing compound that acts as a DNA-crosslinking agent and interferes with replication and transcription, culminating in apoptosis. It forms intra- and interstrand crosslinks with DNA with intrastrand guanine-to-guanine or guanine-to-alanine links accounting for the majority of DNA binding. Cisplatin halts the cell cycle at the G2/M phase in vitro and is active against murine tumors transplanted into mice and in mouse xenograft models, including a reduction in tumor growth in a model of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck when administered at doses ranging from 7.5 to 12.5 mg/kg. Cisplatin also inhibits the RecA recombinase of M. tuberculosis (IC50 = 2 μM), blocking protein splicing and cell growth. Formulations containing cisplatin have been used, alone and in combination therapy, in the treatment of a variety of cancers.
Mechanism of action
Cisplatin shows biphasic plasma decay with a distribution
phase half-life of 25 to 49 minutes and an elimination
half-life of 2 to 4 days. More than 90% of the
drug is bound to plasma proteins, and binding may approach
100% during prolonged infusion. Cisplatin does
not cross the blood-brain barrier. Excretion is predominantly
renal and is incomplete.
Clinical Use
Cisplatin, combined with bleomycin and vinblastine
or etoposide, produces cures in most patients with
metastatic testicular cancer or germ cell cancer of the
ovary. Cisplatin also shows some activity against carcinomas
of the head and neck, bladder, cervix, prostate,
and lung.
Nebenwirkungen
Renal toxicity is the major potential toxicity of
cisplatin. Severe nausea and vomiting that often accompany
cisplatin administration may necessitate hospitalization.
Cisplatin has mild bone marrow toxicity, yielding
both leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. Anemia is
common and may require transfusions of red blood
cells. Anaphylactic allergic reactions have been described.
Hearing loss in the high frequencies (4000 Hz)
may occur in 10 to 30% of patients. Other reported toxicities
include peripheral neuropathies with paresthesias,
leg weakness, and tremors. Excessive urinary excretion
of magnesium also may occur.
Sicherheitsprofil
Confirmed carcinogen
with experimental carcinogenic and
tumorigenic data. Poison by ingestion,
intramuscular, submtaneous, intravenous,
and intraperitoneal routes. Human systemic
effects: change in audttory acuity, change in
kidney tubules, changes in bone marrow,
corrosive to skin, depressed renal function
tests, hallucinations, nausea or vomiting.
Experimental teratogenic and reproductive
effects. Human mutation data reported.
When heated to decomposition it emits very
toxic fumes of Cland NOx. See also
PLATINUM COMPOUNDS.
mögliche Exposition
A potential danger to those involved in the manufacture, formulation and administration of this anticancer chemotherapy agent. Contact with water causes decomposition.
Carcinogenicity
Cisplatin is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals.
Stoffwechsel
It is rapidly hydrated, resulting in a short plasma half-life of less than 30 minutes. It is eliminated predominantly via the kidney, but approximately 10% of a given dose undergoes biliary excretion. It is highly nephrotoxic and can cause significant damage to the renal tubules, especially in patients with preexisting kidney disease or one kidney or who are concurrently receiving other nephrotoxic drugs (e.g., cyclophosphamide or ifosfamide). Dosages should be reduced in any of the above situations. Clearance decreases with chronic therapy, and toxicities can manifest at a late date. To proactively protect patients against kidney damage, patients should be hydrated with chloride-containing solutions. Saline or mannitol diuretics can be administered to promote continuous excretion of the drug and its hydrated analogues. Sodium thiosulfate, which accumulates in the renal tubules, also has been used to neutralize active drug in the kidneys in an effort to avoid nephrotoxicity.
Versand/Shipping
UN2928 Toxic solids, corrosive, organic, n.o.s., Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials, 8-Corrosive material, Technical Name Required. UN3290 Toxic solid, corrosive, inorganic, n.o.s., Hazard class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials, 8-Corrosive material. UN3288 Toxic solids, inorganic, n.o.s., Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials, Technical Name Required. UN3249 Medicine, solid, toxic, n.o.s., Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials
läuterung methode
Recrystallise it from dimethylformamide and check the purity by IR and UV-VIS spectroscopy. [Raudaschl et al. Inorg Chim Acta 78 143 1983.] HIGHLY TOXIC, SUSPECTED CARCINOGEN.
Inkompatibilitäten
Aluminum reacts with cisplatin and decreases the drug’s effectiveness. Do not use any aluminum equipment to prepare or administer cisplatin.
Waste disposal
Disposal of unused product must be undertaken by qualified personnel who are knowledgeable in all applicable regulations and follow all pertinent safety precautions including the use of appropriate protective equipment. For proper handling and disposal, always comply with federal, state, and local regulations
Einzelnachweise
1) Van Waardenburg et al. (2004), Platinated DNA adducts enhance poisoning of DNA topoisomerase I by camptothecin; J. Biol. Chem,, 279 54502 DOI:
10.1074/JBC.M4101032002) Siddik et al. (2003), Cisplatin: mode of cytotoxic action and molecular basis of resistance; Oncogene, 22 7265 DOI:
10.1038/sj.onc.12069333) Seki et al. (2000), Cisplatin (CDDP) specifically induces apoptosis via sequential activation of caspase-8, -3 and -6 in osteosarcoma; Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol., 45 199 DOI:
10.1007/s0028000500304) Nomura et al. (2004), Cisplatin inhibits the expression of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein in human LNCaP cells; Urol. Oncol., 22 453 DOI:
10.1016/J.UROLONC.2004.04.0355) Raghavan et al. (2015), Dimethylsulfoxide inactivates the anticancer effect of cisplatin against myelogenous leukemia cell lines in in vitro assays.; Indian J. Phamracol., 47 322 DOI:
10.4103/0253-7613.1571326) Synthesis of Essential Drugs (2006, Elsevier) - libgen.lc
7) Sittig's Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia
8) Patty's Toxicology 6-Volume Set-Wiley (2012)
9) Modern pharmacology with clinical applications (2004, LWW)
Cisplatin Upstream-Materialien And Downstream Produkte
Upstream-Materialien
Downstream Produkte
