Ameisensure Chemische Eigenschaften,Einsatz,Produktion Methoden
ERSCHEINUNGSBILD
FARBLOSE, RAUCHENDE FLüSSIGKEIT MIT STECHENDEM GERUCH.
CHEMISCHE GEFAHREN
Zersetzung beim Erhitzen und bei Kontakt mit starken Säuren (Schwefelsäure) unter Bildung von Kohlenmonoxid. Mittelstarke Säure. Reagiert sehr heftig mit Oxidationsmitteln. Reagiert sehr heftig mit starken Basen unter Feuer- und Explosionsgefahr. Greift viele Kunststoffe und Metalle an.
ARBEITSPLATZGRENZWERTE
TLV: 5 ppm (als TWA); 10 ppm (als STEL); (ACGIH 2005).
MAK: 5 ppm, 9,5 mg/m? Spitzenbegrenzung: überschreitungsfaktor I(2); Schwangerschaft: Gruppe C; (DFG 2008)
EG Arbeitsplatz-Richtgrenzwerte: 9 mg/m? 5 ppm (als TWA); (EG 2006)
AUFNAHMEWEGE
Aufnahme in den Körper durch Inhalation der Dämpfe, über die Haut und durch Verschlucken.
INHALATIONSGEFAHREN
Beim Verdampfen bei 20°C kann schnell eine gesundheitsschädliche Kontamination der Luft eintreten.
WIRKUNGEN BEI KURZZEITEXPOSITION
WIRKUNGEN BEI KURZZEITEXPOSITION: Die Substanz verätzt stark die Augen, die Haut und die Atemwege. ätzend beim Verschlucken. Inhalation des Dampfes kann zu Lungenödem führen (s.Anm.). Möglich sind Auswirkungen auf den Energiestoffwechsel mit nachfolgender Acidose.
LECKAGE
Ausgelaufene Flüssigkeit in abdichtbaren Behältern sammeln. Ausgelaufene Flüssigkeit vorsichtig mit schwach alkalischer Lösung (z.B. Dinatriumcarbonat) neutralisieren. Dann mit viel Wasser wegspülen. NICHT in die Umwelt gelangen lassen. Persönliche Schutzausrüstung: Vollschutzanzug mit umgebungsluftunabhängigem Atemschutzgerät.
R-Sätze Betriebsanweisung:
R23/24/25:Giftig beim Einatmen, Verschlucken und Berührung mit der Haut.
R34:Verursacht Verätzungen.
R40:Verdacht auf krebserzeugende Wirkung.
R43:Sensibilisierung durch Hautkontakt möglich.
R35:Verursacht schwere Verätzungen.
R36/38:Reizt die Augen und die Haut.
S-Sätze Betriebsanweisung:
S36/37:Bei der Arbeit geeignete Schutzhandschuhe und Schutzkleidung tragen.
S45:Bei Unfall oder Unwohlsein sofort Arzt zuziehen (wenn möglich, dieses Etikett vorzeigen).
S26:Bei Berührung mit den Augen sofort gründlich mit Wasser abspülen und Arzt konsultieren.
S23:Gas/Rauch/Dampf/Aerosol nicht einatmen(geeignete Bezeichnung(en) vom Hersteller anzugeben).
S36/37/39:Bei der Arbeit geeignete Schutzkleidung,Schutzhandschuhe und Schutzbrille/Gesichtsschutz tragen.
Aussehen Eigenschaften
CH2O2. Farblose, stark ätzende Flüssigkeit von stechendem Geruch.
Gefahren für Mensch und Umwelt
Gefährliche Reaktionen u.a. mit Laugen, Aluminium, starken Oxidationsmitteln, konz. Schwefelsäure, Nichtmetalloxiden, organ. Nitroverbindungen, Metallkatalysatoren. Bei höherer Temperatur thermische Zersetzung unter Bildung von Kohlenmonoxid möglich, besonders an katalytisch wirkenden Substanzen. Indampf-/gasförmigem Zustand mit Luft explosionsfähig.
Die Dämpfe der Ameisensäure reizen die Schleimhäute der Atemwege (Erstickungsgefühl durch Schwellung der Kehlkopf- und Bronchialschleimhaut, evtl. Lungenödem) und der Augen (Tränenfluß). Nach Hautkontakt sind Verätzungen evtl. mit Blasenbildung und Entzündungen möglich. Verschlucken führt zu schweren lebensgefährlichen Verätzungen, Übersäuerung des Blutes, Zerstörung der Blutkörperchen und evtl. Nierenschädigungen.
Schutzmaßnahmen und Verhaltensregeln
Nur im Abzug arbeiten.
Bei längerer Lagerung für Druckausgleich sorgen (Zersetzung unter Gasbildung). Nicht in Eisen-, Zink- oder PVC-Behältern aufbewahren.
Neopren-Schutzhandschuhe (nur als kurzzeitigen Spritzschutz).
Verhalten im Gefahrfall
Kleine Leckagen mit Wasser verdünnen und mit Bindemittel aufnehmen und als Sondermüll entsorgen.
CO2-Löscher oder Wassersprühstrahl.
Erste Hilfe
Nach Hautkontakt: Sofort mit reichlich Wasser abspülen. Dann Abtupfen mit Polyethylenglykol 400.
Nach Augenkontakt: Sofort mit viel Wasser bei geöffnetem Lidspalt mindestens 15 Minuten ausspülen. Augenarzt!
Nach Einatmen: Für Frischluftzufuhr sorgen. Arzt!
Nach Verschlucken: Viel Wasser trinken. Erbrechen vermeiden. Arzt!
Nach Kleidungskontakt: Kontaminierte Kleidung sofort ablegen.
Ersthelfer: siehe gesonderten Anschlag
Sachgerechte Entsorgung
Mit Wasser verdünnen und mit anorganischen Basen neutralisieren.
Beschreibung
Formic acid is a clear, colorless liquid with a pungent odor.
Formic acid was first isolated from certain ants and was named
after the Latin formica, meaning ant. It is made by the action of
sulfuric acid on sodium formate, which is produced from
carbon monoxide and sodium hydroxide. It is also produced as
a by-product in the manufacture of other chemicals such as
acetic acid.
It can be anticipated that use of formic acid will continuously
increase as it replaces inorganic acids and has a potential
role in new energy technology. Formic acid toxicity is of
a special interest as the acid is the toxic metabolite of methanol.
Chemische Eigenschaften
Formic acid, or methanoic acid, is the first member of the homologous series identified as fatty acids with the general formula RCOOH. Formic acid was obtained first from the red ant; itscommon name is derived from the family name for ants, Formicidae. This substance also occurs naturally in bees and wasps, and is presumed to be responsible for the "sting" of these insects. Formic acid has a pungent, penetrating odor. It may be synthesized from anhydrous sodium formate and concentrated H2S04 at low temperature followed by distillation.
Physikalische Eigenschaften
Clear, colorless, fuming liquid with a pungent, penetrating odor. Odor threshold concentration is 49 ppm (quoted, Amoore and Hautala, 1983). it is miscible in water, alcohol, ether, and glycerin, and is obtained by chemical synthesis or oxidation of methanol or formaldehyde.
Occurrence
Widespread in a large variety of plants; reported identifed in Cistus labdanum and the oil of Artemisia trans- iliensis; also found among the constituents of petit grain lemon and bitter orange essential oil; reported found in strawberry aroma Reported found in apple, sweet cherry, papaya, pear, raspberry, strawberry, peas, cheeses, breads, yogurt, milk, cream, buttermilk, raw fsh, cognac, rum, whiskey, cider, white wine, tea, coffee and roasted chicory root
History
Formic acid is taken from the Latin word forant, formica. Naturalists had observed
the acrid vapor from ant hills for hundreds of years. One of the earliest descriptions of formic
acid was reported in an extract of a letter written from John Wray (1627–1705) to the publisher
of Philosophical Transactions published in 1670. Wray’s letter reported on “uncommon
Observations and Experiments made with an Acid Juyce to be Found in Ants” and noted the
acid was previously obtained by Samuel Fisher from the dry distillation of wood ants. Formic
acid is found in stinging insects, plants, unripe fruit, foods, and muscle tissue. J?ns Jacob
Berzelius (1779–1848) characterized formic acid in the early 19th century, and it wasfirst synthesized
from hydrocyanic acid by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (1778–1850) at about the same
time. A number of synthetic preparations of formic acid were found in the first half of the
19th century. Marcellin Berthelot (1827–1907) discovered a popular synthesis using oxalic
acid and glycerin in 1856; he and several other chemists from his period found syntheses of
formic acid by heating carbon monoxide in alkaline solutions.
Vorbereitung Methode
Formic acid is manufactured as a by-product of the liquidphase
oxidation of hydrocarbons to acetic acid. It is
also produced by (a) treating sodium formate and
sodium acid formate with sulfuric acid at low temperatures
followed by distillation or (b) direct synthesis
from water and CO2 under pressure and in the presence of
catalysts.
Definition
ChEBI: Formic acid is the simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects. It has a role as an antibacterial agent, a protic solvent, a metabolite, a solvent and an astringent. It is a conjugate acid of a formate.
Reaktionen
Formic acid solution reacts as follows: (1) with hydroxides, oxides, carbonates, to form formates, e.g., sodium formate, calcium formate, and with alcohols to form esters; (2) with silver of ammonio-silver nitrate to form metallic silver; (3) with ferric formate solution, upon heating, to form red precipitate of basic ferric formate; (4) with mercuric chloride solution to form mercurous chloride, white precipitate; and (5) with permanganate (in the presence of dilute H2SO4) to form CO2 and manganous salt solution. Formic acid causes painful wounds when it comes in contact with the skin. At 160 °C, formic acid yields CO2 plus H2. When sodium formate is heated in vacuum at 300 °C, H2 and sodium oxalate are formed. With concentrated H2SO4 heated, sodium formate, or other formate, or formic acid, yields carbon monoxide gas plus water. Sodium formate is made by heating NaOH and carbon monoxide under pressure at 210 °C.
Allgemeine Beschreibung
Formic acid is the simplest carboxylic acid. Crystal structure study by single-crystal X-ray diffraction technique at -50°C has shown that it has an orthorhombic structure with space group Pna. The photodegradation of formic acid has been investigated using ab intio calculations and time-resolved Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Its utility as a fuel in direct fuel cells has been studied. The momentum distribution for its monomer have been evaluated by electron momentum spectroscopy (EMS).
Air & Water Reaktionen
Fumes in air. Soluble in water with release of heat.
Reaktivität anzeigen
Formic acid reacts exothmerically with all bases, both organic (for example, the amines) and inorganic. Reacts with active metals to form gaseous hydrogen and a metal salt. Reacts with cyanide salts to generate gaseous hydrogen cyanide. Reacts with diazo compounds, dithiocarbamates, isocyanates, mercaptans, nitrides, and sulfides to generate flammable or toxic gases. Reacts with sulfites, nitrites, thiosulfates (to give H2S and SO3), dithionites (SO2), to generate flammable and/or toxic gases and heat. Reacts with carbonates and bicarbonates to generate carbon dioxide but still heat. Can be oxidized by strong oxidizing agents and reduced by strong reducing agents. These reactions generate heat. May initiate polymerization reactions or catalyze other chemical reactions. A mixture with furfuryl alcohol exploded [Chem. Eng. News 18:72(1940)].
Hazard
Corrosive to skin and tissue.
Brandgefahr
Special Hazards of Combustion Products: Toxic vapor generated in fires
Sicherheitsprofil
Poison by inhalation,
intravenous, and intraperitoneal routes.
Moderately toxic by ingestion. Mutation data
reported. Corrosive. A skin and severe eye
irritant. A substance migrating to food from packaging materials. Combustible liquid
when exposed to heat or flame; can react
vigorously with oxidizing materials.
Explosive reaction with furfuryl alcohol,
H202, T1(NO3)3*3H2O nitromethane, P2O5.
To fight fire, use CO2, dry chemical, alcohol
foam. When heated to decomposition it
emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes.
mögliche Exposition
Formic acid is a strong reducing agent
and is used as a decalcifier. It is used in pharmaceuticals;
in dyeing textiles and finishing color-fast wool; electroplat ing, coagulating latex rubber; regeneration old rubber, and
dehairing, plumping, and tanning leather. It is also used in
the manufacture of acetic acid, airplane dope; allyl alcohol;
cellulose formate; phenolic resins; and oxalate; and it is
used in the laundry, textile, insecticide, refrigeration, and
paper industries; as well as in drug manufacture.
Versand/Shipping
UN1779 Formic acid, with>85% acid by mass,
Hazard class: 8; Labels: 8-Corrosive material, 3-Flammable
liquid
läuterung methode
Anhydrous formic acid can be obtained by direct fractional distillation under reduced pressure, the receiver being cooled in ice-water. The use of P2O5 or CaCl2 as dehydrating agents is unsatisfactory. Reagent grade 88% formic acid can be satisfactorily dried by refluxing with phthalic anhydride for 6hours and then distilling it. Alternatively, if it is left in contact with freshly prepared anhydrous CuSO4 for several days about one half of the water is removed from 88% formic acid; distillation then removes the remainder. Boric anhydride (prepared by melting boric acid in an oven at a high temperature, cooling in a desiccator, and powdering) is a suitable dehydrating agent for 98% formic acid; after prolonged stirring with the anhydride the formic acid is distilled under vacuum. Formic acid can be further purified by fractional crystallisation using partial freezing. [Beilstein 2 IV 3.]
Inkompatibilitäten
Vapors may form explosive mixture with
air. A medium strong acid and a strong reducing agent.
Violent reaction with oxidizers, furfuryl alcohol; hydrogen
peroxide; nitromethane. Incompatible with strong acids;
bases, ammonia, aliphatic amines; alkanolamines, isocya nates, alkylene oxides; epichlorohydrin. Decomposes on
heating and on contact with strong acids forming carbon
monoxide. Carbamates are incompatible with strong acids
and bases, and especially incompatible with strong reducing
agents such as hydrideds and active metals. Contact with
active metals or nitrides form flammable gaseous hydrogen.
Incompatible with strongly oxidizing acids, peroxides, and
hydroperoxides. Attacks metals: aluminum, cast iron and
steel; many plastics, rubber and coatings.
Waste disposal
Incineration with added
solvent. Consult with environmental regulatory agencies
for guidance on acceptable disposal practices. Generators
of waste containing this contaminant (≥ kg/mo) must
conform with EPA regulations governing storage, transpor tation, treatment, and waste disposal.
Ameisensure Upstream-Materialien And Downstream Produkte
Upstream-Materialien
Downstream Produkte
5,7-dichlorooxazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidine
2,2'-[(3,3'-Dichlor[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis(azo)]bis[N-(4-chlor-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-oxobutyramid]
2-OXO-2,3-DIHYDRO-BENZOOXAZOLE-5-CARBOXYLIC ACID
3-FLUORO-N-METHYLANILINE
5-AMINO-6-CHLORO-PYRIMIDIN-4-OL
METHYL PENT-4-YN-2-YLCARBAMATE
ETHYL 2,4-DICHLOROBENZOATE
7-Hydroxy-6-methoxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline
2-METHANESULFONYL-4-METHYL-PYRIMIDINE
2-Hydroxy-4'-methoxy-11H-benzo[a]carbazol-3-carboxanilid
[4-AMINO-2-(TRIFLUOROMETHYL)PYRIMIDIN-5-YL]METHANOL
4-AMINO-2-(TRIFLUOROMETHYL)PYRIMIDINE-5-CARBALDEHYDE
Sulfur Yellow GC
dimethyl dodecyl thioic propylene betaine
N,N,N',N'-Tetramethyl-4,4-methylendianilin
5-Ethylpyridin-2-ethanol
8-BROMO-3-METHYL-3,7-DIHYDRO-PURINE-2,6-DIONE
Sulfur Red Brown B3R
3-METHYLTHIOPHENE-2-CARBONITRILE
C.I.BASICBLUE22
Cinnamylformiat
3,7-Dimethyloct-7-en-1-ol
1-METHYLPIPERIDINE-4-CARBOXYLIC ACID HYDROCHLORIDE
1H-Benzimidazole-5-carboxylic acid
(1H-INDAZOL-3-YL)-ACETIC ACID
Geranylformiat
1-FORMYL-4-METHYLPIPERAZINE
Sojabohnenoel, epoxidiert
Bis(2-amino-1,7-dihydro-6H-purin-6-on)sulfat
Ameisensäure-phenylmethylester
2,4,6-Trimethyl-2,4,6-triphenylcyclotrisiloxan
Pyrido[2,3-d]imidazol
1-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-4-methylpiperazine
5-Chlor-2-(4-chlorphenoxy)anilin
5-Methyl-2-(methylsulfonyl)pyrimidine ,97%
2-Ethylbuttersure
3,4-Dihydroisochinolin
N-Methylformamid
Diethoxymethylacetat
1-Methylcyclohexan-1-carbonsure
