Glycerol Chemische Eigenschaften,Einsatz,Produktion Methoden
ERSCHEINUNGSBILD
HYGROSKOPISCHE, VISKOSE, FARBLOSE FLüSSIGKEIT
CHEMISCHE GEFAHREN
Zersetzung beim Erhitzen unter Bildung ätzender Rauche von Acrolein. Reagiert mit starken Oxidationsmitteln. Feuer- und Explosionsgefahr.
ARBEITSPLATZGRENZWERTE
TLV: Nebel 10 mg/m?(als TWA) (ACGIH 2005).
MAK: 50 mg/m?(Einatembarer Anteil); Spitzenbegrenzung: überschreitungsfaktor I(2); Schwangerschaft: Gruppe C; (DFG 2006).
INHALATIONSGEFAHREN
Verdampfen bei 20°C vernachlässigbar; eine belästigende Partikelkonzentration in der Luft kann jedoch schnell erreicht werden durch Versprühen.
LECKAGE
Belüftung. Ausgelaufene Flüssigkeit in abgedeckten Behältern sammeln. Reste mit Sand oder inertem Absorptionsmittel aufnehmen und an einen sicheren Ort bringen.
R-Sätze Betriebsanweisung:
R36:Reizt die Augen.
R20/21/22:Gesundheitsschädlich beim Einatmen,Verschlucken und Berührung mit der Haut.
R11:Leichtentzündlich.
S-Sätze Betriebsanweisung:
S24/25:Berührung mit den Augen und der Haut vermeiden.
S39:Schutzbrille/Gesichtsschutz tragen.
S26:Bei Berührung mit den Augen sofort gründlich mit Wasser abspülen und Arzt konsultieren.
Aussehen Eigenschaften
C3H8O3; Glycerol, 1,2,3-Propantriol, Trihydroxipropan, Protol. Farblose, ölige Flüssigkeit ohne Geruch.
Gefahren für Mensch und Umwelt
Brennbar. Nicht stark erhitzen. Nicht mit starken Oxidationsmitteln, Gemischen aus konz. Salpeter- und Schwefelsäure, Phosphoroxiden, Wasserstoffperoxid, Halogenen und Peroxiden in Berührung bringen.
Reizt die Augen.
LD
50 (oral, Ratte): 12600 mg/kg
Schutzmaßnahmen und Verhaltensregeln
Geeignete Schutzhandschuhe als kurzzeitiger Spritzschutz.
Verhalten im Gefahrfall
Mit flüssigkeitsbindendem Material, z.B. Rench Rapid aufnehmen. Der Entsorgung zuführen. Nachreinigen.
Kohlendioxid, Wasser, Pulver, Schaum.
Brennbar. Bei starker Erhitzung ist mit Luft die Bildung explosionsfähiger Gemische möglich.
Erste Hilfe
Nach Hautkontakt: Mit Wasser abwaschen.
Nach Augenkontakt: Mit reichlich Wasser bei geöffnetem Lidspalt mindestens 10 Minuten ausspülen. Augenarzt hinzuziehen.
Nach Einatmen: Frischluft.
Nach Verschlucken: Viel Wasser trinken lassen. Bei Unwohlsein Arzt hinzuziehen.
Nach Kleidungskontakt: Kontaminierte Kleidung ablegen.
Ersthelfer: siehe gesonderten Anschlag
Sachgerechte Entsorgung
Als halogenfreie, organische Lösemittelabfälle.
Beschreibung
Glycerol is a colorless, viscous, hygroscopic, sweet-tasting trihydric alcohol. It is also called
glycerin or glycerine, with the term glycerol being preferred as the pure chemical form and
the term glycerin(e) being primarily used when the compound is used commercially in various
grades.
Chemische Eigenschaften
Glycerol,CH20HCHOHCH20H, also known as glycerin and glycyl alcohol, is a clear, colorless, viscous liquid with a sweet taste.It is the simplest trihydroxy alcohol and a valuable chemical intermediary, It is soluble in water and alcohol, but only partially soluble in ether and ethyl acetate. Glycerol is used in perfume and medicine,as an antifreeze,and in manufacturing soaps and explosives.
Occurrence
Reported found in cocoa, apple, cider, beer, sour cherries, peach and wine
History
Glycerol was first isolated from olive oil and lead oxide by the Swedish chemist
Carl Scheele (1742–1786) while making lead plaster soap in 1779. Scheele eventually realized
that glycerol was a common ingredient in fats and oils and referred to glycerol as “the
sweet principle of fats.” In 1811, the French chemist Michel Eugene Chevreul (1786–1889),
who was a pioneer in the study of fats and oils, proposed the name glycerine after the Greek
word glucos, which means sweet. Chevreul decomposed soaps isolating different acids such
as stearic and butyric acid and discovered that glycerol was liberated when oils and fats were
boiled in a basic mixture. Th éophile-Jules Pelouze (1807–1867) derived glycerol’s empirical
formula in 1836.
Verwenden
Glycerol is used both in sample preparation and gel formation for polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Glycerol (5-10%) increases the density of a sample so that the sample will layer at the bottom of a gel’s sample well. Glycerol is also used to aid in casting gradient gels and as a protein stabilizer and storage buffer component.
Definition
ChEBI: A triol with a structure of propane substituted at positions 1, 2 and 3 by hydroxy groups.
Vorbereitung Methode
Glycerol is a by-product in the production of candles and soaps and was originally discardedin the production of these items. The process of converting a fat to soap is termedsaponification. The traditional method of saponification involved the use of animal fats andvegetable oils. Fats and oils are esters formed when three fatty-acid molecules attach to a singleglycerol molecule. When the three fatty acids attach to the three hydroxyl groups of the glycerol,a triglyceride is formed. During saponification of animal and plant products, hydrolysisof triglycerides converts triglycerides back to fatty acids and glycerol.the fatty acids then reactwith a base to produce a carboxylic acid salt commonly called soap.
Until 1940, the world’s demand for glycerol was supplied from natural sources throughthe production of soaps and candles. Glycerol can also be produced through the fermentationof sugar, and this process was used to increase glycerol production during World War I.Glycerol can also be produced synthetically from propylene. The synthetic production frompropylene first occurred just before World War II and commercial production started in 1943in Germany. The synthetic process begins with the chlorine substitution of one hydrogenatom of propylene to allyl chloride: H
2C = CH-CH
3 + Cl
2 → H
2C = CH-CH
2Cl + HCl. Allylchloride is then treated with hypochlorous acid to produce 1,3-dichlorohydrin.
Reaktionen
Glycerol reacts (1) with phosphorus pentachloride to form glyceryl trichloride, CH2Cl·CHCl · CH2Cl, (2) with acids to form esters, e.g., glycerol monoacetate CH2OH ·CHOH·CH2OOCCH3, glycerol diacetate C3H5(OH)(OCOCH3)2, glycerol triacetate (triacetin), CH2OOCCH3·CHOOCCH3·CH2OOCCH3, glycerol mononitrates (alpha, CH2OH·CHOH·CH2ONO2; beta, CH2OH · CHONO2·CH2OH), glycerol dinitrates (1, 2,CH2OH· CHONO2·CH2 ONO2; 1, 3,CH2ONO2·CHOH·CH2ONO2), glyceryl trinitrate (“nitroglycerine”), CH2ONO2·CHONO2·CH2ONO2, glyceryl tristearate (tristearin), CH2OOCC17H35·CHOO-CC17H35·CH2OOCC17H35, indirectly, glycerol monophosphates (alpha, CH2OH·CHOH·CH2OPO(OH)2, beta, CH2OH·CHOPO(OH)2·CH2OH, (3) with oxidizing agents, e.g., dilute nitric acid, to form glyceric acid, CH2OH·CHOH·COOH, tartaric acid, COOH·CHOH·COOH, mesoxalic acid, COOH·CO·COOH, (4) with phosphorus plus iodine, to form allyl iodide, CH2 : CHCH2I, which with hydrogen iodide yields propylene, CH2 : CHCH3, and then iso-propyl iodide, CH3CHICH3, (5) with sodium or sodium hydroxide to form alcoholates, (6) with sodium hydrogen sulfate or phosphorus pentoxide heated, to form acrolein, CH2 : CHCHO. Glycide alcohol is obtained by treatment of glycerol alphamonochlorohydrin CH2OH·CHOH·CH2Cl, which is made by reaction of hypochlorous acid and allyl alcohol with barium hydroxide. With hydrogen chloride, glycide alcohol yields epichlorohydrin.
Allgemeine Beschreibung
A colorless to brown colored liquid. Combustible but may require some effort to ignite. Residual sodium hydroxide (lye) causes crude material to be corrosive to metals and/or tissue.
Air & Water Reaktionen
Hygroscopic. Water soluble.
Reaktivität anzeigen
GLYCERINE is incompatible with strong oxidizers. Glycerol is also incompatible with hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate, nitric acid + sulfuric acid, perchloric acid + lead oxide, acetic anhydride, aniline + nitrobenzene, Ca(OCl)2, CrO3, F2 + PbO, KMnO4, K2O2, AgClO4 and NaH. A mixture with chlorine explodes if heated to 158-176° F. Glycerol reacts with acetic acid, potassium peroxide, sodium peroxide, hydrochloric acid, (HClO4 + PbO) and Na2O2. Contact with potassium chlorate may be explosive. Glycerol also reacts with ethylene oxide, perchloric acid, nitric acid + hydrofluoric acid and phosphorus triiodide.
Health Hazard
No hazard
Brandgefahr
Glycerol is combustible.
Chemische Reaktivität
Reactivity with Water No reaction; Reactivity with Common Materials: No reactions; Stability During Transport: Stable; Neutralizing Agents for Acids and Caustics: Not pertinent; Polymerization: Not pertinent; Inhibitor of Polymerization: Not pertinent.
Pharmazeutische Anwendungen
Glycerin is used in a wide variety of pharmaceutical formulations
including oral, otic, ophthalmic, topical, and parenteral preparations.
In topical pharmaceutical formulations and cosmetics, glycerin is
used primarily for its humectant and emollient properties. Glycerin
is used as a solvent or cosolvent in creams and emulsions.
Glycerin is additionally used in aqueous and nonaqueous gels and
also as an additive in patch applications. In parenteral
formulations, glycerin is used mainly as a solvent and cosolvent.
In oral solutions, glycerin is used as a solvent, sweetening
agent, antimicrobial preservative, and viscosity-increasing agent. It
is also used as a plasticizer and in film coatings.
Glycerin is used as a plasticizer of gelatin in the production of
soft-gelatin capsules and gelatin suppositories.
Glycerin is employed as a therapeutic agent in a variety of
clinical applications, and is also used as a food additive.
Sicherheitsprofil
Poison by
subcutaneous route. Mildly toxic by
ingestion. Human systemic effects by
ingestion: headache and nausea or vomiting.
Experimental reproductive effects. Human
mutation data reported. A skin and eye
irritant. In the form of mist it is a nuisance
particulate and inhalation irritant.
Combustible liquid when exposed to heat,
flame, or powerful oxidizers. Mixtures with hydrogen peroxide are highly explosive.
Ignites on contact with potassium
permanganate, calcium hypochlorite.
Mixture with nitric acid + sulfuric acid
forms the explosive glyceql nitrate. Mixture
with perchloric acid + lead oxide forms
explosive perchlorate esters. Confined
mixture with chlorine explodes if heated to
70-80'. Can react violently with acetic
anhydride, aniline + nitrobenzene, Ca(OCl)2,
Cr03,Cr203, F2 + PbO, phosphorus
triiodide, ethylene oxide + heat, KMnO4,
K2O2, AgClO4, Na2O2, NaH. Energetic
reaction with sodium hydride. Mixture with
nitric acid + hydrofluoric acid is a storage
hazard due to gas evolution. To fight fire,
use alcohol foam, CO2, dry chemical. When
heated to decomposition it emits acrid
smoke and fumes.
Sicherheit(Safety)
Glycerin occurs naturally in animal and vegetable fats and oils that
are consumed as part of a normal diet. Glycerin is readily absorbed
from the intestine and is either metabolized to carbon dioxide and
glycogen or used in the synthesis of body fats.
Glycerin is used in a wide variety of pharmaceutical formulations
including oral, ophthalmic, parenteral, and topical preparations.
Adverse effects are mainly due to the dehydrating properties
of glycerin.
Oral doses are demulcent and mildly laxative in action. Large
doses may produce headache, thirst, nausea, and hyperglycemia.
The therapeutic parenteral administration of very large glycerin
doses, 70–80 g over 30–60 minutes in adults to reduce cranial
pressure, may induce hemolysis, hemoglobinuria, and renal failure.(
16) Slower administration has no deleterious effects.
Glycerin may also be used orally in doses of 1.0–1.5 g/kg bodyweight
to reduce intraocular pressure.
When used as an excipient or food additive, glycerin is not
usually associated with any adverse effects and is generally regarded
as a nontoxic and nonirritant material.
LD50 (guinea pig, oral): 7.75 g/kg
LD50 (mouse, IP): 8.70 g/kg
LD50 (mouse, IV): 4.25 g/kg
LD50 (mouse, oral): 4.1 g/kg
LD50 (mouse, SC): 0.09 g/kg
LD50 (rabbit, IV): 0.05 g/kg
LD50 (rabbit, oral): 27 g/kg
LD50 (rat, IP): 4.42 g/kg
LD50 (rat, oral): 5.57 g/kg
LD50 (rat, oral): 12.6 g/kg
LD50 (rat, SC): 0.1 g/kg
mögliche Exposition
Glycerol is used as a humectant in
tobacco; it is used in cosmetics, antifreezes and inks. It is
used as a fiber lubricant. It is used as a raw material for
alkyd resins and in explosives manufacture.
Environmental Fate
Glycerol is completely miscible with water. When exposed to
moist air, it absorbs water (hydroscopic) as well as gasses such
as hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide. Glycerol has low
volatility, with a vapor pressure of 0.000106 hPa at 25 ℃; the
calculated Henry’s law constant (maximum solubility) is
9.75E
-6 Pam
3 mol
-1. The calculated photodegradation halflife
of glycerol in air is 6.8 h. Glycerol is readily biodegradable.
When released to the environment, glycerol is distributed
to water, with negligible amounts distributed in air, soil,
or sediment. Based on a log Kow of
-1.76, glycerol has
a low bioaccumulation potential and is not expected to
bioaccumulate.
Lager
Glycerin is hygroscopic. Pure glycerin is not prone to oxidation by
the atmosphere under ordinary storage conditions, but it decomposes
on heating with the evolution of toxic acrolein. Mixtures of
glycerin with water, ethanol (95%), and propylene glycol are
chemically stable.
Versand/Shipping
UN1760 Corrosive liquids, n.o.s., Hazard class:
8; Labels: 8-Corrosive material, Technical Name Required.
Inkompatibilitäten
Able to polymerize above 300 ℉/150 ℃.Incompatible with acetic anhydrides (especially in the pres ence of a catalyst), strong acids, caustics, aliphatic amines,
and isocyanates. Strong oxidizers, e.g., chromium trioxide,
potassium chlorate, and potassium permanganate); can
cause fire and explosion hazard. Hygroscopic (i.e., absorbs moisture from the air). Decomposes when heated, produc ing corrosive gas of acrolein.
Waste disposal
Mixture with a more flamma ble solvent followed by incineration.
Regulatory Status
GRAS listed. Accepted for use as a food additive in Europe.
Included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients Database (dental pastes;
buccal preparations; inhalations; injections; nasal and ophthalmic preparations; oral capsules, solutions, suspensions and tablets; otic,
rectal, topical, transdermal, and vaginal preparations). Included in
nonparenteral and parenteral medicines licensed in the UK.
Included in the Canadian List of Acceptable Non-medicinal
Ingredients.
Glycerol Upstream-Materialien And Downstream Produkte
Upstream-Materialien
Downstream Produkte
