브롬화수소
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브롬화수소 속성
- 녹는점
- −87 °C(lit.)
- 끓는 점
- −67 °C(lit.)
- 밀도
- 1.49 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
- 증기 밀도
- 2.8 (vs air)
- 증기압
- 334.7 psi ( 21 °C)
- 굴절률
- n
20/D 1.438
- 인화점
- 40°C
- 저장 조건
- Store below +30°C.
- 용해도
- 쉽게 용해됨
- 산도 계수 (pKa)
- -9(at 25℃)
- 물리적 상태
- 액체
- Specific Gravity
- 1.49
- 색상
- 연한 노란색, 갈색
- 냄새
- 2ppm에서 감지할 수 있는 날카롭고 자극적인 냄새
- 수소이온지수(pH)
- 3.01(1 mM solution);2.04(10 mM solution);1.08(100 mM solution)
- 수용성
- 녹는
- 감도
- Hygroscopic
- Merck
- 14,4778
- BRN
- 3587158
- 노출 한도
- Ceiling limit 3 ppm (~10 mg/m3) (ACGIH); TLV-TWA 3 ppm (~10 mg/m3) (MSHA and OSHA).
- Dielectric constant
- 7.0(-85℃)
- 안정성
- 안정적인. 강염기, 강산화제, 암모니아, 오존, 불소, 물, 금속과 호환되지 않습니다. 공기와 빛에 민감합니다.
- LogP
- 0.629 at 25℃
- CAS 데이터베이스
- 10035-10-6(CAS DataBase Reference)
안전
- 위험 및 안전 성명
- 위험 및 사전주의 사항 (GHS)
위험품 표기 | C,Xi | ||
---|---|---|---|
위험 카페고리 넘버 | 35-37-34-10-36/37/38 | ||
안전지침서 | 26-45-7/9-36/37/39 | ||
유엔번호(UN No.) | UN 3265 8/PG 2 | ||
OEL | Ceiling: 3 ppm (10 mg/m3) | ||
WGK 독일 | 1 | ||
RTECS 번호 | MW3850000 | ||
TSCA | Yes | ||
DOT ClassificationII | 2.3, Hazard Zone C (Gas poisonous by inhalation) | ||
위험 등급 | 8 | ||
포장분류 | II | ||
HS 번호 | 28111990 | ||
유해 물질 데이터 | 10035-10-6(Hazardous Substances Data) | ||
독성 | LC50 in mice, rats: 814, 2858 ppm by inhalation, K. C. Back et al., Reclassification of Materials Listed as Transportation Health Hazards (TSA-20-72-3, PB 214-270, 1972) | ||
IDLA | 30 ppm | ||
기존화학 물질 | KE-20187 | ||
유해화학물질 필터링 | 97-1-114 | ||
함량 및 규제정보 | 물질구분: 유독물질; 혼합물(제품)함량정보: 브롬화 수소 및 이를 1% 이상 함유한 혼합물 |
브롬화수소 C화학적 특성, 용도, 생산
물성
브로민화 수소는 상온 상태에서는 신랄한 냄새가 나는 비휘발성 기체로, 습도 높은 공기와 접촉하면 수소산을 형성하기 시작한다. 물에 잘 녹으며, 298K에서 물에 용해하면 물 중량의 68.85%가 수소산화한 후 포화 상태가 된다. 전체 무게의 47.38%가 용해된 브롬화 수소로 구성된 물은 126 °C에서 끓는 공비 혼합물(azeotropte)이 되는데, 용해된 브로민화 수소의 비율이 더 낮을 경우 H2O는 브로민화 수소의 함유량이 47.38%에 이를 때까지 100 °C에서 계속 증발한다.화학 반응
또 산소와 반응하여 물과 브로민을 생성하고, 오존과는 폭발적으로 반응하여 수소를 발생한다. 브로민과 수소를 가열한 백금해면이나 백금선 위를 통과시키면 생기는데, 붉은인을 물속에서 브로민과 반응시키거나 브로민화물에 비휘발성의 산을 작용시켜도 생기며, 이것을 분별증류하여 정제하면 순수한 것을 얻을 수 있다. 각종 브로민화물의 합성, 브로민화수소산의 제조, 환원제, 촉매(유기합성), 의약품의 원료 등에 사용된다. 눈·피부·점막·호흡기를 침범한다.개요
브로민화 수소(Hydrogen bromide, HBr)는 상온 상태에서는 무색의 기체이다. 물에 용해하면 브로민화 수소산을 얻게 되고, 반대로 탈수제의 첨가를 통해 수소산에서 추출해낼 수도 있지만, 수소산이 용해된 물을 단순히 증류시키는 방법으로는 같은 효과를 기대할 수 없다. 브로민화 수소산은 동일 물질은 아니나 역시 HBr로 쓰이기 때문에 가끔 혼동을 줄 수가 있다.용도
브로민화 수소로 알코올에서 브로민화 알킬(alkyl bromide)을 추출한다.ROH + HBr → RBr + H2O
알켄에서 분리한 브로민을 첨가해 중요한 유기브로민 화합물(organobromine compound)의 하나인 브로모알케인(bromoalkane)을 이룬다.
RCH=CH2 + HBr → RCHBr–CH3
알카인에 첨가하여 브로모알켄(bromoalkene)을 생산한다. 입체화학에서는 이런 류의 첨가 반응을 안티(anti)라고 한다.
RC≡CH + HBr → RCBr=CH2
할로알켄(haloalkene)에 첨가하여 두 브로민 원자가 탄소 원자와 연결된 이중 할로알케인(dihaloalkane)을 만든다. 이런 첨가 반응은 마르코프니코프의 법칙(Markovnikov's rule)을 따른다.
RCBr=CH2 + HBr → RCBr2–CH3
브로민화 수소는 에폭시 화합물(epoxide)이나 락톤(lactone)을 열거나 브로모아세탈(bromoacetal)을 합성하는 데에도 쓰이고, 촉매 용도로도 사용된다.
준비
브로민화 수소는 여러 방법으로 합성할 수 있다. 편리한 방법의 하나는 브로민화 소듐(NaBr)과 강산을 이용하는 것인데, 생성된 브로민화 수소를 다시 산화해버리는 황산은 예외이다.2 NaBr + H2SO4 → 2 Hbr + Na2SO4
과정 도중에 일어나는
2 HBr + H2SO4 → Br2 + SO2 + 2 H2O
반응으로 인해 HBr를 제대로 얻을 수 없다. 브로민화 수소를 산화하지 않는 인산 등은 써도 무방하다.
3 NaBr + H3PO4 → 3 Hbr + Na3PO4
테트랄린(tetralin - 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene)을 사용하면 이렇게 된다.
C10H12 + 4 Br2 → C10H8Br4 + 4 HBr
아인산을 활용한 방식도 있다.
Br2 + H3PO3 + H2O → H3PO4 + 2 HBr
무수의 브로민화 수소는 환류하는 자일렌(xylene) 내 트라이페닐포스포늄(triphenylphosphonium)의 열분해(thermal decomposition)를 통해서도 소량을 생산할 수 있다.
개요
Hydrobromic Acid is a strong acid formed by dissolving the diatomic molecule HBr in water. “Constant-boiling” hydrobromic acid is an aqueous solution that distills at 124.3°C and contains 47.6% HBr by weight. Hydrobromic acid has a pKa of 9, making it a stronger acid than hydrochloric acid, but not as strong as HI, hydroiodic acid. Hydrobromic acid is one of the strongest mineral acids known.Hydrobromic acid is mainly used for the production of inorganic bromides, especially the bromides of zinc, calcium, and sodium. It is a useful reagent for generating organobromine compounds. Certain ethers are cleaved with HBr. It also catalyzes alkylation reactions and the extraction of certain ores. Industrially significant organic compounds prepared from hydrobromic acid include allyl bromide, tetrabromobis(phenol), and bromoacetic acid. Hydrobromic acid can be prepared in the laboratory via the reaction of Br2, SO2 and water. Another laboratory preparation involves the production of anhydrous HBr, which is then dissolved in water.
Hydrobromic acid has commonly been prepared industrially by reacting bromine with either sulfur or phosphorous and water. However, it can also be produced electrolytically. It can also be prepared by treating bromides with nonoxidizing acids like phosphoric or acetic acids. Hydrobromic acid is available commercially in various concentrations and purities.
화학적 성질
colourless liquid with a strong irritating odour물리적 성질
Colorless gas; fumes in moist air; pungent acrid odor; nonflammable; heav-ier than air; density 2.71 (air=1.0); gas density 3.55 g/L at 25°C; liquefies at-66.4°C; solidifies at -86.8°C; critical temperature 89.8°C; critical pressure84.5 atm; highly soluble in water (saturated aqueous solution contains 66%HBr at 25°C); forms a constant-boiling azeotrope at 47.5% HBr in solution,boiling at 126°C at atmospheric pressure; soluble in alcohol; a 0.10Maqueoussolution is 93% ionized to H+and Br ? ions at 18°C.용도
Hydrogen bromide is used as a reagent and catalyst in several types of organic reactions such as the formation of alkyl bromides from alcohols.It is also used as a source material in the preparation of inorganic bromides. Hydrogen bromide serves as a catalyst in alkylation reactions. It has also been reportedly used in the controlled oxidation of aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons to peroxides, ketones, and acids. In organic synthesis, hydrogen bromide is used to substitute bromine for aliphatic chlorine in the presence of aluminum catalyst.
정의
Hydrogen bromide in aqueous solution.제조 방법
Hydrogen bromide gas may be produced by combustion of hydrogen inbromine vapor at 37.5°C using a catalyst such as platinized asbestos or pla-tinized silica gel. Unreacted free bromine is removed from the product bypassing the gaseous product mixture over hot activated charcoal. Hydrogenbromide formed may be absorbed in water to obtain the acid; or may be cooledand liquefied for shipment in cylinders.Hydrobromic acid may be prepared in the laboratory by distillation of asolution of potassium bromide with dilute sulfuric acid:
2KBr + H2SO4 → K2SO4 + HBr
The acid may be prepared by several other methods, as well, including reac-tion of bromine either with sulfur and water; or with phosphorus and water:
2Br2 + S + 2H2O → 4HBr + SO2
Hydrobromic acid also may be prepared by hydrogen exchange with a sodiumor potassium bromide solution when the solution is passed through a cation-exchange resin.
Hydrobromic acid is stored and shipped in drums, tanks, carboys, or bot-tles, labeled as corrosive materials. The anhydrous gas is stored and shippedin cylinders under its vapor pressure.
일반 설명
Hydrobromic acid solution (HBr) is a clear, yellow or brown colored liquid. Its reaction with K has been studied by a molecular beam technique.공기와 물의 반응
Acrid odor, fumes in moist air forming clouds containing hydrobromic acid. Heat of solution large, [Merck, 11th ed., 1989].반응 프로필
HYDROGEN BROMIDE is an anhydrous (no water) strong acid. Reacts rapidly and exothermically with bases of all kinds (including amines and amides). Reacts exothermically with carbonates (including limestone and building materials containing limestone) and hydrogen carbonates to generate carbon dioxide. Reacts with sulfides, carbides, borides, and phosphides to generate toxic or flammable gases. Reacts with many metals (including aluminum, zinc, calcium, magnesium, iron, tin and all of the alkali metals) to generate flammable hydrogen gas. Reacts violently with acetic anhydride, 2-aminoethanol, ammonium hydroxide, calcium phosphide, chlorosulfonic acid, 1,1-difluoroethylene, ethylenediamine, ethyleneimine, oleum, perchloric acid, b-propiolactone, propylene oxide, silver perchlorate/carbon tetrachloride mixture, sodium hydroxide, uranium(IV) phosphide, vinyl acetate, calcium carbide, rubidium carbide, cesium acetylide, rubidium acetylide, magnesium boride, mercury(II) sulfate, calcium phosphide, calcium carbide.위험도
Toxic by inhalation, strong irritant to eyes and skin.건강위험
Hydrobromic acid and hydrogen bromide gas are highly corrosive substances that can cause severe burns upon contact with all body tissues. The aqueous acid and gas are strong eye irritants and lacrimators. Contact of concentrated hydrobromic acid or concentrated HBr vapor with the eyes may cause severe injury, resulting in permanent impairment of vision and possible blindness. Skin contact with the acid or HBr gas can produce severe burns. Ingestion can lead to severe burns of the mouth, throat, and gastrointestinal system and can be fatal. Inhalation of hydrogen bromide gas can cause extreme irritation and injury to the upper respiratory tract and lungs, and exposure to high concentrations may cause death. HBr gas is regarded as having adequate warning properties.Hydrogen bromide has not been found to be carcinogenic or to show reproductive or developmental toxicity in humans.
화재위험
Behavior in Fire: Pressurized container may explode and release toxic, irritating vapor.인화성 및 폭발성
Noncombustible, but contact with metals may produce highly flammable hydrogen gas.Materials Uses
Hydrogen bromide does not aggressively attack common metals of construction while in the anhydrous state. However, in the presence of moisture, hydrogen bromide will attack most metals except platinum and silver. Galvanized pipe, brass, and bronze should be avoided. Steel, Monel, and aluminum-silicon-bronze have proven satisfactory in anhydrous hydrogen bromide service.저장
Splash goggles and rubber gloves should be worn when handling this acid, and containers of HBr should be stored in a wellventilated location separated from incompatible metals. Water should never be added to HBr because splattering may result; always add acid to water. Containers of hydrobromic acid should be stored in secondary plastic trays to avoid corrosion of metal storage shelves due to drips or spills.Cylinders of hydrogen bromide should be stored in cool, dry locations, separated from alkali metals and other incompatible substances.
Purification Methods
A solution of aqueous HBr ca 48% (w/w, constant boiling) is purified by distilling twice with a little red phosphorus, and the middle half of the distillate is taken. (The azeotrope at 760mm contains 47.8% (w/w) HBr.) [Hetzer et al. J Phys Chem 66 1423 1962]. Free bromine can be removed by Irvine and Wilson's method for HI (see above), except that the column is regenerated by washing with an ethanolic solution of aniline or styrene. Hydrobromic acid can also be purified by aerating with H2S, distilling and collecting the fraction boiling at 125-127o. [Heisig & Andur Inorg Synth I 155 1939.] HARMFUL VAPOURS.비 호환성
Hydrobromic acid and hydrogen bromide react violently with many metals with the generation of highly flammable hydrogen gas, which may explode. Reaction with oxidizers such as permanganates, chlorates, chlorites, and hypochlorites may produce chlorine or bromine.폐기물 처리
In many localities, hydrobromic acid or the residue from a spill may be disposed of down the drain after appropriate dilution and neutralization. Otherwise, hydrobromic acid and waste material containing this substance should be placed in an appropriate container, clearly labeled, and handled according to your institution's waste disposal guidelines. Excess hydrogen bromide in cylinders should be returned to the manufacturer. For more information on disposal procedures, see Chapter 7 of this volume.브롬화수소 준비 용품 및 원자재
원자재
준비 용품
8-브로모테오필린
2-(DIBROMOACETYLBENZIMIDAZOLE하이드로브롬산염
메틸2-아미노-2-(4-하이드록시페닐)아세테이트
4-브로모피페리딘브롬화수소산염
8-Bromooctanoic acid
2-메톡시-6-메틸벤조산
4,4'-비스(브로모메틸)비페닐
3,8-DIMETHYL-1,10-PHENANTHROLINE
사이클로헥실아민 히드로브롬화물
2-MERCAPTOPYRIMIDIN-4-OL
1,10-Dibromodecane
4-브로모-올소-크실렌
2-BROMO-1-(4,6-DIMETHOXYPYRIMIDIN-2-YL)ETHANONE
9-Bromo-9-phenylfluorene
10-METHYLSULFONYL)카프릭산
5-Methylpyridine-3-boronic acid
3-(2-Bromoacetyl)pyridine hydrobromide
2,6-DIAMINO-3-BROMOPYRIDINE
4-BROMO-7-CHLOROQUINOLINE
10-브로모데칸산
푸란-3-카르복실산
8-Bromo-1-octanol
1,1,3,3-테트라브로모아세톤
브로모숙신산
하이드록시-1-메틸디페리딘
4-(Bromoacetyl)pyridine hydrobromide
2-아미노-5-브로모티아졸모노하이드로브로마이드
4-Bromo-2,3,5,6-tetrafluoropyridine
p-자일릴 브로마이드
2-ACETYLAMINO-3-BROMO-5-METHYLPYRIDINE
(2-FLUOROBENZYL)메틸아민
3-Bromo-2,6-diaminopyridine ,95%
1-브로모-3,4-디플로로벤젠
2-Bromo-3-methoxy-6-methylpyridine
2-Bromo-3-hydroxy-6-methylpyridine
4-TRIFLUOROMETHYLBENZYLSULFONYL CHLORIDE
브롬화아연
1-하이드록시-2-부타논
2-(2-Aminoethyl)isothiourea dihydrobromide
n-헥실메르캅탄
브롬화수소 공급 업체
글로벌( 692)공급 업체
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