염산

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염산 MSDS

Hydrochloric acid

염산 C화학적 특성, 용도, 생산

순도시험

  (1) 황산염 : 이 품목 1mL에 물을 가하여 100mL로 하고 그 중 5mL를 취하여 물 20mL를 가한 다음 암모니아시액을 가하여 중화한 것을 시험용액으로 하여 황산염시험법에 따라 시험할 때, 그 양은 0.01N 황산 0.5mL에 대응하는 양 이하이어야 한다.

  (2) 비소 : 이 품목을 비소시험법에 따라 시험할 때, 그 양은 2.0ppm 이하이어야 한다.

  (3) 납 : 이 품목 5.0g을 정밀히 달아 물을 가하여 25mL로 한 액을 시험용액으로 하여 원자흡광광도법 또는 유도결합플라즈마발광광도법에 따라 시험할 때, 그 양은 1.0ppm 이하이어야 한다.

  (4) 수은 : 이 품목을 수은시험법에 따라 시험할 때, 그 양은 1.0ppm 이하이어야 한다.

  (5) 철 : 이 품목 5.0g을 정밀히 달아 물을 가하여 25mL로 한 액을 시험용액으로 하여 원자흡광광도법 또는 유도결합플라즈마발광광도법에 따라 시험할 때, 그 양은 5.0ppm 이하이어야 한다.

  (6) 산화성물질 : 이 품목 1mL를 취하여 30mL 시험관에 넣고 새로 끓여 식힌 물 20mL, 요오드칼륨시액 1mL 및 전분시액 1mL를 가하여 마개를 한 후 혼합한 액을 시험용액으로 한다. 따로, 검체 대신 염산 1mL를 넣고 요오드칼륨시액 대신 0.001N 요오드용액 1mL를 사용하여 시험용액과 동일한 방법으로 조제한 액을 대조액으로 한다. 시험용액 및 대조액의 색을 비교할 때, 시험용액의 색은 대조액의 색보다 진하여서는 아니 된다(염소로서 30ppm 이하).

  (7) 환원성물질 : 염산 1mL를 취하여 30mL 시험관에 넣고 새로 끓여 식힌 물 20mL, 요오드화칼륨시액 1mL, 전분시액 1mL 및 0.001N 요오드용액 2mL를 가한 후 마개를 하여 잘 흔들어 섞어 준다. 이 때 생성되는 청색은 이 품목 1mL를 가할 때, 완전히 사라져서는 아니 된다(이산화황으로서 70ppm 이하).

  (8) 증발잔류물 : 이 품목 10g을 정밀히 달아 미리 무게를 달아둔 비이커에 넣고 수욕상에서 증발건고시킨 다음 105℃에서 30분간 건조시키고 데시케이터에서 방냉하여 잔류물의 양을 구할 때, 그 양은 50mg 이하이어야 한다(0.5% 이하).

확인시험

  (1) 이 품목의 수용액(1→100)은 강산성이다.

  (2) 이 품목은 확인시험법 중 염화물의 반응을 나타낸다.

정량법

  미리 공전플라스크에 물 20mL를 가하여 무게를 정밀히 달은 다음 이 품목 약 3mL를 가해 주고 다시 무게를 정밀히 단다. 이에 물 25mL를 가해주고 1N 수산화나트륨용액으로 적정한다(지시약 : 브로모티몰블루시액 3～5방울).

1N 수산화나트륨용액 1mL ＝ 36.46mg HCl

강열잔류물

  이 품목 100g에 황산 1방울을 가하여 수욕상에서 증발건고한 다음 항량이 될 때까지 강열할 때, 그 잔류물은 0.02% 이하이어야 한다.

개요

A water solution of hydrogen chloride of varied concentrations. It is a clear, colorless or slightly yellowish, corrosive liquid having a pungent odor. It is miscible with water and with alcohol. Concentrations of hydrochloric acid are expressed in percent by weight, or may be expressed in Baume degrees (Be0) from which percentages of hydrochloric acid and specific gravities may readily be derived. The usually available concentrations are 18°, 20°, 22°, and 23° Be. Concentrations above 13° Be (19.6%) fume in moist air, lose hydrogen chloride, and create a corrosive atmosphere. Because of these characteristics, suitable precautions must be observed during sampling and analysis to prevent losses. Note: Hydrochloric acid is produced by various methods that might impart trace amounts of organic compounds as impurities. The manufacturer, vendor, or user is responsible for identifying the specific organic compounds that are present and for meeting the requirements for organic compounds. Methods are provided for their determination. In applying the procedures any necessary standards should be used to quantitate the organic compounds present in each specific product.

화학적 성질

Hydrochloric acid, or hydrogen chloride, is either a colorless liquid with a pungent odor, or a colorless to slightly yellow gas that can be shipped as a liquefi ed compressed gas. The acid is used in the production of fertilizers, dyes, dyestuffs, artifi cial silk, and paint pig- ments, and in refi ning edible oils and fats. Hydrochloric acid is also used in electroplating, leather tanning, ore refi ning, soap refi ning, petroleum extraction, and pickling of metals, and is used in the photographic, textile, and rubber industries. In addition, hydrochloric acid is used as an antiseptic in toilet bowls against animal pathogenic bacteria, and in food processing as a starch modifi er.

역사

Hydrochloric acid is a strong, corrosive acid that results when the gas hydrogen chloride dissolves in water.Ancient alchemists prepared hydrochloric acid and Jabbar ibn Hayyan, known in Latin as Geber (721–815), is credited with its discovery around the year 800. The original method of preparation involved reacting salt with sulfuric acid, producing sodium hydrogen sulfate and hydrogen chloride gas. The hydrogen chloride gas is captured and dissolved in water to produce hydrochloric acid. Hydrochloric acid was formerly called muriatic acid. Terms such as muriatic and muriate were used in association with chloride substances before the discovery and nature of chlorine were fully understood. The Latin term muriaticus means pickled from muri, which is the Latin term for brine. Chlorides were naturally associated with seawater salt solutions, as chloride is the principal ion in seawater.

용도

Hydrochloric Acid is an acid that is the aqueous solution of hydro- gen chloride of varying concentrations. it is miscible with water and with alcohol. it is used as an acidulant and neutralizing agent.

정의

A colorless fuming liquid made by adding hydrogen chloride to water:
HCl(g) + H₂O1. → H₃O₊(aq) + Cl_-(aq)
Dissociation into ions is extensive and hydrochloric acid shows the typical properties of a strong acid. It reacts with carbonates to give carbon dioxide and yields hydrogen when reacted with all but the most unreactive metals. Hydrochloric acid is used in the manufacture of dyes, drugs, and photographic materials. It is also used to pickle metals, i.e. clean the surface prior to electroplating. Hydrochloric acid donates protons with ease and is the strongest of the hydrohalic acids. The concentrated acid is oxidized to chlorine by such agents as potassium manganate(VII) and manganese( IV) oxide.

생산 방법

Hydrochloric acid is an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride gas produced by a number of methods including: the reaction of sodium chloride and sulfuric acid; the constituent elements; as a by-product from the electrolysis of sodium hydroxide; and as a by-product during the chlorination of hydrocarbons.

공기와 물의 반응

Fumes strongly in moist air. Soluble in water with evolution of heat.

반응 프로필

ANHYDROUS HYDROGEN CHLORIDE is an anhydrous (no water) strong acid. Reacts rapidly and exothermically with bases of all kinds (including amines and amides). Reacts exothermically with carbonates (including limestone and building materials containing limestone) and hydrogen carbonates to generate carbon dioxide. Reacts with sulfides, carbides, borides, and phosphides to generate toxic or flammable gases. Reacts with many metals (including aluminum, zinc, calcium, magnesium, iron, tin and all of the alkali metals) to generate flammable hydrogen gas. Reacts violently with acetic anhydride, 2-aminoethanol, ammonium hydroxide, calcium phosphide, chlorosulfonic acid, 1,1-difluoroethylene, ethylenediamine, ethyleneimine, oleum, perchloric acid, b-propiolactone, propylene oxide, silver perchlorate/carbon tetrachloride mixture, sodium hydroxide, uranium(IV) phosphide, vinyl acetate, calcium carbide, rubidium carbide, cesium acetylide, rubidium acetylide, magnesium boride, mercury(II) sulfate [Lewis]. Undergoes a very energetic reaction with calcium phosphide [Mellor 8:841(1946-1947)]. Corrosive to metals and tissues and irritating to the eyes and respiratory system. Corrodes galvanized or copper-alloy metals (brass, bronze); fittings of stainless steel or mild or cast steel must therefore be used. Reacts with calcium carbide with incandescence [Mellor 5:862(1946-1947]. Absorption on mercuric sulfate becomes violent at 125°C. [Mellor 2, Supp. 1:462(1956)].

위험도

Toxic by inhalation, strong irritant to eyes and skin. Questionable carcinogen.

건강위험

Gas concentrations of 50 to 100 ppm are tolerable for 1 hour. Concentrations of 1,000 to 2,000 ppm are dangerous, even for brief exposures. More severe exposures will result in serious respiratory distress and prolonged exposures will result in death. Mists of hydrochloric acid are considered less harmful than anhydrous hydrochloric acid, because droplets have no dehydrating action. Individuals with respiratory problems and digestive diseases may be adversely affected by low level exposures to the gas or mist.

화재위험

Fire may produce irritating or poisonous gases. Containers may explode in heat of fire. At high temperatures, Hydrochloric acid decomposes into hydrogen and chlorine. The following materials should be avoided: Mercuric sulfate -- violent reaction with gaseous hydrochloric acid at 250F. Sodium -- reacts vigorously with gaseous hydrochloric acid. Acetic anhydride, 2-aminoethanol, ammonium hydroxide, chlorosulfonic acid, ethylene diamine, ethyleneimine, oleum, propiolactone, sodium hydroxide, sulfuric acid, and vinyl acetate -- increase in temperature and pressure when mixed with hydrochloric acid. Calcium phosphide -- energetic reaction with hydrochloric acid. Silver perchlorate and carbon tetrachloride -- when mixed in combination with hydrochloric acid forms a compound that detonates at 105F. Formaldehyde -- when mixed with hydrochloric acid forms a human carcinogen. Material reacts violently with bases and is corrosive with the generation of heat. Reacts with base metals, forming combustible gas (hydrogen). Reacts violently with strong oxidants forming toxic gas (chlorine). Avoid heat; at high temperatures Hydrochloric acid will decompose into hydrogen and chlorine.

인화성 및 폭발성

Noncombustible, but contact with metals may produce highly flammable hydrogen gas.

Pharmaceutical Applications

Hydrochloric acid is widely used as an acidifying agent, in a variety of pharmaceutical and food preparations. It may also be used to prepare dilute hydrochloric acid, which in addition to its use as an excipient has some therapeutic use, intravenously in the management of metabolic alkalosis, and orally for the treatment of achlorhydria.

공업 용도

Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is soluble in water andis a strong mineral acid made by the action ofsulfuric acid on common salt, or as a byproductof the chlorination of hydrocarbons such asbenzene.HCl is used to some extent in pickling of metal prior to porcelain enameling.

Materials Uses

Piping, valves, and other equipment used in direct contact with anhydrous hydrogen chloride should be of stainless steel or of cast or mild steel. Carbon steel may be used in some components, but only if their temperature is controlled to remain below about 265°F (l29°C). In the presence of moisture, however, hydrogen chloride will corrode most metals. Teflon, Kel F and Hastelloy will resist corrosion.
Smaller sized valves, such as those used on cylinders, constructed of aluminum-siliconbronze with Monel stems have had satisfactory service experience due to frequent maintenance. The satisfactory extension of these materials to other applications should be confirmed by testing prior to use.

Safety

When used diluted, at low concentration, hydrochloric acid is not usually associated with any adverse effects. However, the concentrated solution is corrosive and can cause severe damage on contact with the eyes and skin, or if ingested.
LD50 (mouse, IP): 1.4 g/kg
LD50 (rabbit, oral): 0.9 g/kg

저장

Splash goggles and rubber gloves should be worn when handling this acid, and containers of HCl should be stored in a wellventilated location separated from incompatible metals. Water should never be added to HCl because splattering may result; always add acid to water. Containers of hydrochloric acid should be stored in secondary plastic trays to avoid corrosion of metal storage shelves due to drips or spills.
Cylinders of hydrogen chloride should be stored in cool, dry locations separated from alkali metals and other incompatible substances.

Purification Methods

Pass it through conc H2SO4, then over activated charcoal and silica gel. It fumes in moist air. Hydrogen chloride in gas cylinders contains ethylene, 1,1-dichloroethane and ethyl chloride. The latter two may be removed by fractionating the HCl through a trap cooled to -112o. Ethylene is difficult to remove. HCl fumes in moist air. HARMFUL VAPOURS. Its solubility in H2O is 82% at 0o. A constant boiling aqueous solution (azeotrope) has b 108.6o/760mm with an HCl concentration of ~20%, and is called Hydrochloric acid (muriatic acid) (see above). [Schmeisser in Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry (Ed. Brauer) Academic Press Vol I pp 280-282 1963.]

비 호환성

Hydrochloric acid and hydrogen chloride react violently with many metals, with the generation of highly flammable hydrogen gas, which may explode. Reaction with oxidizers such as permanganates, chlorates, chlorites, and hypochlorites may produce chlorine or bromine.

폐기물 처리

In many localities, hydrochloric acid or the residue from a spill may be disposed of down the drain after appropriate dilution and neutralization. Otherwise, hydrochloric acid and waste material containing this substance should be placed in an appropriate container, clearly labeled, and handled according to your institution's waste disposal guidelines. Excess hydrogen chloride in cylinders should be returned to the manufacturer. For more information on disposal procedures, see Chapter 7 of this volume.

Regulatory Status

GRAS listed. Accepted for use as a food additive in Europe. Included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients Database (dental solutions; epidural injections; IM, IV, and SC injections; inhalations; ophthalmic preparations; oral solutions; nasal, otic, rectal, and topical preparations). Included in parenteral and nonparenteral medicines licensed in the UK. Included in the Canadian List of Acceptable Non-medicinal Ingredients.

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